* Ptolemy XII Auletes succeeds Ptolemy XI Alexander II to the throne of Egypt.

* Ptolemy XI of Egypt had his wife, Berenice III, murdered shortly after their wedding in 80 BC.

** Berenice III of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy IX of Egypt ; she first married Ptolemy X of Egypt, and later Ptolemy XI of Egypt

But he is also possibly the Son of Ptolemy XI and Cleopatra IV.

In 80 BC, Ptolemy XII's predecessor Ptolemy XI was removed by the Egyptian population from the throne of Egypt after the king had killed his coregent and step mother Berenice III.

When Ptolemy XI died without a male heir, the only available male descendents of the Ptolemy I lineage were the illegitimate sons of Ptolemy IX by an unknown Greek concubine.

However, Ptolemy XI had left the throne to Rome in his will, therefore Ptolemy XII was not the legitimate successor.

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She was forced to marry her stepson Alexander, who reigned under the name Ptolemy XI Alexander II and had her killed nineteen days later.

Ptolemy XI was born to Ptolemy X Alexander I and either Cleopatra Selene or Berenice III.

The will also required Ptolemy XI to marry Cleopatra Berenice, who was his stepmother and half-sister ( or possibly his natural mother-the ancient sources are unclear ).

* Ptolemy XI Alexander II entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

# REDIRECT Ptolemy XI Alexander II

* Ptolemy XI of Egypt had his wife, Berenice III, murdered shortly after their wedding in 80 BC.

* Ptolemy XI of Egypt had his wife and stepmother, Berenice III, murdered nineteen days after their wedding in 80 BC.

She was forced to marry Ptolemy XI Alexander II in 80 BC.

During that time he gave lessons not only to Alexander, but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander.

Ptolemy Philometor, who was Alexander's father-in-law, went over to his side, and Alexander was defeated in the battle of Antioch ( 145 BC ) in Syria, sometimes known as the battle of the Oenoparus.

Pallas Athena | Wisdom gives advice ; with Ptolemy I Soter, a master in objectivity in his book on Alexander the Great, below in profile.

After Alexander the Great died of a fever at age 32, Ptolemy Soter announced himself king in 305 BC, and commissioned its construction shortly thereafter.

* A CGI depiction appears briefly in the opening and closing scenes of Alexander, which take place in Alexandria with Ptolemy dictating his memoirs of Alexander the Great.

He distributed kingdoms between his children: Alexander Helios was named king of Armenia, Media and Parthia ( which were never conquered by Rome ), his twin Selene got Cyrenaica and Libya, and the young Ptolemy Philadelphus was awarded Syria and Cilicia.

Although Abu Ma ' shar al-Balkhi | Abu Ma ' shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemaic dynasty | Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the Great | Alexander the title ‘ King Ptolemy ’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.

It was common among the Macedonian upper class at the time of Alexander the Great, and there were several of this name among Alexander's army, one of whom made himself King of Egypt in 323 BC: Ptolemy I Soter.

Perhaps for no other reason than the association of name, the 9th century Persian astronomer Abu Ma ' shar assumed Ptolemy to be member of Egypt's royal lineage, stating that the ten kings of Egypt who followed Alexander were wise " and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest ".

Ptolemy, one of the six somatophylakes ( bodyguards ) who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC.

The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ), and it is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ), Arsinoe Philadelpha ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.

The traditional story is that Ptolemy II sponsored the translation for use by the many Alexandrian Jews who were fluent in Koine Greek ( the lingua franca of the Eastern Mediterranean from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, until the development of Byzantine Greek around 600 CE ), but not in Hebrew.

* Cleopatra III of Egypt assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I ( b. 161 BC )

After the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great, and the Hellenization of the Egyptian culture initiated by Ptolemy I Soter, Isis eventually became known as Queen of Heaven.

He married his paternal half-sister Olympias II of Epirus, by whom he had two sons, Pyrrhus II of Epirus, Ptolemy of Epirus and a daughter, Phthia of Macedon.

He flourished about 280 BC, in the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

* 1149 – Pope Eugene III takes refuge in the castle of Ptolemy II of Tusculum.

* Cleopatra Thea ( c. 164 – 121 BC ), daughter of Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI Philometor

Isca Dumnoniorum originated with a settlement that developed around the Roman fortress of the Legio II Augusta and is one of the four poleis ( cities ) attributed to the tribe by Ptolemy.

It dates to the reign of Ptolemy II ( 285 – 246 BC ), and is therefore likely to have been built at about the same time as the Alexandria Pharos.

The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ( 323 – 283 BC ) or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II ( 283 – 246 BC ).

King Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( 309 – 246 BC ) is said to have set 500, 000 scrolls as an objective for the library.

The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter ( 323 – 283 BC ) or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II ( 283 – 246 BC ).

These titles refer to a legendary story, according to which seventy or seventy-two Jewish scholars were asked by the Greek King of Egypt Ptolemy II Philadelphus to translate the Torah from Biblical Hebrew into Greek, for inclusion in the Library of Alexandria.

His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire.

Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court.

Antiochus I ( reigned 281 – 261 BC ) and his son and successor Antiochus II Theos ( reigned 261 – 246 BC ) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with Ptolemy II and a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor — distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together.

Seleucus II was soon dramatically defeated in the Third Syrian War against Ptolemy III of Egypt and then had to fight a civil war against his own brother Antiochus Hierax.