Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Before the mention of Alemanni in the time of Caracalla, you would search in vain for Alemanni in the moderately detailed geography of southern Germany in Claudius Ptolemy, written in Greek in the mid-2nd century ; it is likely that at that time, the people who later used that name were known by other designations.

Ptolemy Philometor, who was Alexander's father-in-law, went over to his side, and Alexander was defeated in the battle of Antioch ( 145 BC ) in Syria, sometimes known as the battle of the Oenoparus.

He fled for refuge to a Nabataean prince, who murdered him and sent his head to Ptolemy Philometor, who had been mortally wounded in the engagement.

His third wife was the Greek Ptolemaic Princess Theoxena, who was the second daughter of Berenice I from her first husband Philip and was a stepdaughter of Ptolemy I Soter.

He tells how Ptolemy " placed in a circle around the statue Homer all the cities who laid claim to Homer " and mentions a painting of the poet by the artist Galaton, which apparently depicted Homer in the aspect of Oceanus as the source of all poetry.

This heliocentric theory contradicted the ideas of Greek-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy ( second century A. D .), who stated that the Earth is the center of the universe.

Section 112 ), describes the Pharos and how it was a key landmark to his subduing Ptolemy XIV's armies ( 48 BC ), describing its strategic importance in his sentences " Now because of the narrowness of the strait there can be no access by ship to the harbour without the consent of those who hold the Pharos.

A careful study of Classical writings on the interior of the Sahara begins with Ptolemy, who mentions two rivers in the desert: the " Gir " and farther south, the " Ni-Gir ".

* Ptolemy ( c. 90c. 168 ), who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia.

Claudius Ptolemy (;, Klaudios Ptolemaios ; ; AD 90 – AD 168 ) was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek.

Although Abu Ma ' shar al-Balkhi | Abu Ma ' shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemaic dynasty | Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the Great | Alexander the title ‘ King Ptolemy ’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.

Perhaps for no other reason than the association of name, the 9th century Persian astronomer Abu Ma ' shar assumed Ptolemy to be member of Egypt's royal lineage, stating that the ten kings of Egypt who followed Alexander were wise " and included Ptolemy the Wise, who composed the book of the Almagest ".

Ptolemy, one of the six somatophylakes ( bodyguards ) who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC.

The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign ( equated with 197 / 196 BC ), and it is confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that same year: Aëtus son of Aëtus was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself ; his three colleagues, named in turn in the inscription, led the worship of Berenice Euergetis ( wife of Ptolemy III ), Arsinoe Philadelpha ( wife and sister of Ptolemy II ) and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation.

In the geographers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire, such as Ptolemy, Scythia stretches eastward from the mouth of the Vistula ; thus Pytheas must have described the Germanic coast of the Baltic sea ; if the statement is true, there are no other possibilities.

The geographer, Ptolemy, reports them at what must be their maximum extent, divided into adjoining European and central Asian sections.

The rope stretchers of ancient Egypt stretched corded ropes between two points to measure the path which minimized the distance of separation, and Claudius Ptolemy, in his Geographia ( Bk 1, Ch 2 ), emphasized that one must correct for " deviations from a straight course "; in ancient Greece Euclid states in his Catoptrica that, for the path of light reflecting from a mirror, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection ; and Hero of Alexandria later showed that this path was the shortest length and least time.

1241 indicates that Apollonius was succeeded in the position by Eratosthenes ; this must have been after 247 / 246 BCE, the date of the accession of Ptolemy III Euergetes, who was probably tutored by Apollonius and who appointed Eratosthenes.

Should she really have died that early, then the Cleopatra Tryphaena who is mentioned — after the expulsion of Ptolemy XII — as co-ruler of Egypt ( together with Berenice IV ) in 58 and 57 BC, and died around 57 BC, must be her daughter, numbered by some historians as Cleopatra VI Tryphaena.

If the reference to a settlement in Ireland called Eblana is in fact the earliest reference to Dublin, this would seem to give Dublin a just claim to nearly two thousand years of antiquity, as the settlement must have existed a considerable time before Ptolemy became aware of it.

# The archives of the most ancient races — the Egyptians, Chaldaeans, and Phoenicians — need to be opened, and their citizens must be called upon, through whom knowledge must be provided — a certain Manetho the Egyptian and Berosus the Chaldaean, but also Jerome the Phoenician king of Tyre ; and their followers, too: Ptolemy the Mendesian and Menander the Ephesian and Demetrius the Phalerean and king Juba and Apion and Thallus and the one who either proves or refutes these men, Josephus the Jew.

This would seem to give Dublin a just claim to nearly two thousand years of antiquity, as the settlement must have existed a considerable time before Ptolemy became aware of it.

Whilst suggesting that such arguments are enough to demonstrate the validity of astrology, Ptolemy accepts that many mistakes are made in its practice-partly because of " evident rascals " who profess to practice it without due knowledge and pretend to foretell things which cannot be naturally known ( sometimes using the term ' astrology ' for practices which are not true to the genuine study of astrology ) and because legitimate practitioners must acquire a magnitude of knowledge and experience within a limited life-span.

His ambition may have been to establish himself in the chief command in the Peloponnese: but the reconciliation of Polyperchon with Cassander must have frustrated this: and on the arrival of the Egyptian king with a fleet at Cos, Ptolemy repaired from Chalcis to join him.

The people of Azotus complained to King Ptolemy VI, who had come to make war upon his son-in-law, but Jonathan met Ptolemy at Jaffa in peace and accompanied him as far as the River Eleutherus.

Two such super-galleys built by the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV ( 221 – 205 BC ) have come down to us by name, the Thalamegos and the Tessarakonteres.

Brother Crispian, Director of this first Christian Brothers ' community in Buffalo, Brother Pompian ( Sub-Director ), Brothers Demedrian, Ptolemy, Benedict and one Brother whose religious name is unknown had come to the city in response to Bishop Timon's urgent plea for assistance in educating the Catholic youth of Buffalo.

This refers to the seven ' ages of man ', which Ptolemy briefly mentioned in III. 1 as a matter which varies the emphasis of astrological configurations according to the time in life they occur: " we predict events that will come about at specific times and vary in degree, following the so called ages of life.

Ariobarzanes and his father sought the assistance of the Gauls, who had come into Asia Minor twelve years before the death of Mithridates, to expel the Egyptians sent by Ptolemy II Philadelphus.

Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to be satrap of Egypt.

Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's closest companions, to be satrap of Egypt.

Some 20th-century scholars, including the American etymologist Kemp Malone ( 1889 – 1971 ), have argued that the reason for the differences between Pliny, Tacitus and Ptolemy when it comes to names and tribes is that their informants came from different regions, mainly familiar with the parts of Scandinavia closest to their own location: " The name Scadinavia ( with its variant forms ) reached the classical world through western sources, and [...] Tacitus, whose information about the North came from the east, knows nothing of the name, in contradistinction to Pliny, who got his information from the west.

This figure has also been interpreted as Ptolemy of Mauretania representing Africa, along with a German boy ( Europe ) and a Parthian prince ( Asia ).

The Brahmasphutasiddhanta is the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit in representing another number as was done by the Babylonians or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by Ptolemy and the Romans.

In 1679 he published a star map ; in addition to the 48 constellations of Ptolemy, and the additions of more recent astronomers such as Plancius, he added two constellations of his own, in honour of his patron, Louis XIV ; Lilium ( the Lily, representing the emblem of France ) and Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae ( the Sceptre and the Hand of Justice, depicting the regal symbols ).

Beyond the entrance into the principal court are small temples, one of which, dedicated to Isis, Hathor, and a wide range of deities related to midwifery, is covered with sculptures representing the birth of Ptolemy Philometor, under the figure of the god Horus.

Ptolemy was concerned to defend astrology by defining its limits, compiling astronomical data that he believed was reliable and dismissing practices ( such as considering the numerological significance of names ) that he believed to be without sound basis.

It was later known to Hipparchus, Pliny and Ptolemy, but under different names.

The suffix " Philadelphoi " (" Brother-Loving ") consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II.

Within his map Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided ; in the area of Clare he identified a tribe known as the Gangani.

Ptolemy, in 100s, records some Irish tribal names identical to those of tribes in Gaul and Britain, suggesting significant Celtic settlement.

These finally evolved into the New Kingdom months, which in turn gave rise to the Hellenized names that were used for chronology by Ptolemy in his Almagest, and by others.

Besides the similarity of the names, the identification was supported by the closeness between the latitude given by Ptolemy ( 52 ° 50 ') and the actual latitude of Kalisz ( 51 ° 45 ' 27 ").

The gorge, alternatively known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates, is mentioned in the Georgian annals under the names of Ralani, Dargani, Darialani ; Strabo calls it Porta Caucasica and Porta Cumana ; Ptolemy, Fortes Sarmatica ; it was sometimes known as Porta Caucasica and Portae Caspiae ( a name bestowed also on the " gate " or pass beside the Caspian Sea at Derbent ); and the Tatars call it Darioly.

Ptolemy gives a list of 43 names of towns in Dacia, out of which arguably 33 were of Dacian origin.

While Ptolemy noted that Ophiuchus is in contact with the ecliptic, he was aware that the twelve signs were just conventional names for 30 degrees segments ( especially since the Aries sign had ceased to be in contact with the Aries constellation already in his time ).

As noted above Ptolemy often dropped the initial letters of names and a shift from " Ebhlana " to " Delvin " could be seen as a phonic shift possibility.

The Novantae are unique among the peoples that Ptolemy names in that their location is reliably known to have been in Galloway due to the way he named several readily identifiable physical features.

Although some parts of the story, such as the names of the Jews taking up all the paper in Egypt, are clearly fictional, parts of the story cannot be definitively proven or disproven and many scholars are only willing to accept the first section ( which tells of the actions of Ptolemy Philopator ) as possibly having a historical basis.

In Ptolemy ’ s era the boundaries of the zodiac signs were close to those of the visible constellations whose names they bear, but Ptolemy demonstrates the theoretical distinction between the two frames of reference in describing the starting point of the zodiac as fixed, not to the stars, but to the mathematically calculated vernal equinox.

Ptolemy names Britain and Spain as two nations appropriately placed in the north-west quarter to accept the rulership of Jupiter and Mars.

All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name " Ptolemy ", while princesses and queens preferred the names Cleopatra and Berenice.

On the opposite face of the same block are found oval cartouches including the names of Tiberius Claudius and Caesar Germanicus: and in another part of the temple is a cartouche of Ptolemy XII, the eldest son of Ptolemy Auletes ( 51-48 BC ).

They are probably the same as Ptolemy's Doulgoumnioi of the same region ( Book 2, Chapter 10 ), as Ptolemy corrupts the names of the other tribes, but identifiably so.

Its location in Ptolemy may not be its modern location, as settlement names over time tend to duplicate or migrate along with their populations.

Ptolemy states the names of some towns in the district, but what language they are or whether they were taken over or founded anew he does not say.