Respiration in the Echinodermata ( includes starfish and sea urchins ) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called papulae.

Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity.

Respiration likewise resumes, the machine is removed and the dog is shown to continue living a healthy life.

Respiration is via gills which are either long and filamentous, or ( in Peltodytes ) short microtracheal extensions ; they are carried on the tergites of all sternal and all but the tenth ( last ) abdominal segments.

Respiration is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy to fuel cellular activity.

Respiration through the whole surface of the body makes platyhelminthes vulnerable to fluid loss, and restricts them to environments where dehydration is unlikely: sea and freshwater ; moist terrestrial environments such as leaf litter or between grains of soil ; and as parasites within other animals.

Respiration is performed using tracheae, air-filled tubes, which open at the surfaces of the thorax and abdomen through pairs of spiracles.

* Respiration: A slow, quiet and deep respiration is important for optimization of body processes.

Respiration gives rise to waves in heart rate mediated primarily via the PSNS, and it is thought that the lag in the baroceptor feedback loop may give rise to 10 second waves in heart rate ( associated with Mayer waves of blood pressure ), but this remains controversial.

Respiration in the adult is effected by means of the caudal process, which consists of a pair of half-tubes capable of being locked together to form a siphon by which air is conducted to the tracheae at the apex of the abdomen when the tip of the tube is thrust above the surface of the water.

Respiration in the adult is effected by means of the caudal process, which consists of a pair of half-tubes capable of being locked together to form a siphon by means of which air is conducted to the tracheae at the apex of the abdomen when the tip of the tube is thrust above the surface of the water.

* Respiration ( physiology ) and breathing, the physiological process that enables animals to exchange carbon dioxide, the primary product of cellular respiration, for fresh air

Respiration rates are highest early in the wet season because the recent dry season results in a large percentage of leaf litter and thus a higher percentage of organic matter being leached into the soil.

" Respiration " ( Respiration 1998 ; 65: 237-255 )

" Rieder, Hans ( Respiration 1998 ; 65: 423-431 )

Respiration and excretion occurs by diffusion through the epidermis.

Tests and measures include, but are not limited to, those that assess: a. Aerobic Capacity / Endurance, b. Anthropometric Characteristics, c. Arousal, Attention, and Cognition, d. Assistive and Adaptive Devices, e. Circulation ( Arterial, Venous, Lymphatic ), f. Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Integrity, g. Environmental, Home, and Work ( Job / School / Play ) Barriers, h. Ergonomics and Body Mechanics, i. Gait, Locomotion, and Balance, j. Integumentary Integrity, k. Joint Integrity and Mobility, l. Motor Function ( Motor Control and Motor Learning ), m. Muscle Performance ( including Strength, Power, and Endurance ), n. Neuromotor Development and Sensory Integration, o. Orthotic, Protective, and Supportive Devices, p. Pain, q. Posture, r. Prosthetic Requirements, s. Range of Motion ( including Muscle Length ), t. Reflex Integrity, u. Self-Care and Home Management ( including activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living ), v. Sensory Integrity, w. Ventilation and Respiration / Gas Exchange, x.

Once the grains are ground, vitamin E begins to deteriorate immediately and half of it is lost by oxidation and exposure to the air within one week.

The oxidation state + 3 originates from the 6d < sup > 1 </ sup > 7s < sup > 2 </ sup > electronic configuration of actinium, that is it easily donates 3 electrons assuming a stable closed-shell structure of the noble gas radon.

The oxidation state + 2 is only known for actinium dihydride ( AcH < sub > 2 </ sub >).

The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase, the amino group is then fed into the urea cycle.

Following months to years of photo-degradation and oxidation in the ocean, this precursor gradually hardens, developing a dark gray or black color, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar odor that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalic.

In electrochemistry, the anode is where oxidation occurs and is the positive polarity contact in an electrolytic cell.

If, conversely, tin is used to coat steel, when a breach of the coating occurs it actually accelerates oxidation of the iron.

An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules.

Early research on the role of antioxidants in biology focused on their use in preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fats, which is the cause of rancidity.

Peroxide is also produced from the oxidation of reduced flavoproteins, such as complex I.

They showed by oxidizing boron with air that boric acid is an oxidation product of boron.

This trivalent oxidation state (+ 3 ) is the most stable, especially in aqueous solutions, but tetravalent (+ 4 ) and possibly divalent (+ 2 ) berkelium compounds are also known.

The role of the bacteria is the further oxidation of the ore, but also the regeneration of the chemical oxidant Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup > from Fe < sup > 2 +</ sup >.

The critical reaction is the oxidation of sulfide by ferric iron.

It is believed that early in the Earth's history, the evolution of photosynthetic plants altered the global atmosphere of the earth, changing the ancient atmosphere by oxidation.

The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state ( s ), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form ( e. g., metallic, ionic, covalent ).

The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is + 4, while + 2 is found in carbon monoxide and other transition metal carbonyl complexes.

Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking.

Combustion is not necessarily favorable to the maximum degree of oxidation and it can be temperature-dependent.

This conversion to the right is called disproportionation, because the ingredient chlorine both increases and decreases in formal oxidation state.

The oxidation state + 1 can be reached by dissolving cadmium in a mixture of cadmium chloride and aluminium chloride, forming the Cd < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 2 +</ sup > cation, which is similar to the Hg < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup > 2 +</ sup > cation in mercury ( I ) chloride.

The fact is that removing and leaving out a thermostat from any water cooled vehicle, will greatly increase the fuel consumption, reduce power and contribute to spark plug fouling due to an accumulation of excessive carbon deposits on the insulators.

These estimates indicated that the quantum yield for the exchange of chlorine with liquid carbon tetrachloride at 65-degrees is of the order of magnitude of unity.

Each carbon atom has 4 bonds ( either C-H or C-C bonds ), and each hydrogen atom is joined to a carbon atom ( H-C bonds ).

A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon skeleton or carbon backbone.

The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane ( e. g., C < sub > 2 </ sub >- alkane ).

An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R, is a functional group or side-chain that, like an alkane, consists solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group.

There is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be linked together, the only limitation being that the molecule is acyclic, is saturated, and is a hydrocarbon.

Saturated oils and waxes are examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than 10.

* cyclic ( general formula, n > 2 ) wherein the carbon backbone is linked so as to form a loop.

Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0. 93 % ( 9, 300 ppm ), making it approximately 23. 8 times as abundant as next most common atmospheric gas, carbon dioxide ( 390 ppm ), and more than 500 times as abundant as the next most common noble gas, neon ( 18 ppm ).

In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (- OH ) is bound to a carbon atom.

Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon content between 0. 02 % and 2. 14 % by mass.

In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.

Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix.