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Rhamphorhynchoidea is a paraphyletic group ( since the pterodactyloids evolved directly from them and not from a common ancestor ), so with the increasing use of cladistics it has fallen out of favor in most technical literature.
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Rhamphorhynchoidea and group
* Rhamphorhynchoidea ( Plieninger, 1901 ): A group of early, basal (" primitive ") pterosaurs, many of which had long tails and short metacarpal bones in the wing.
is and paraphyletic
With the phylogenetic classification, the taxon Labyrinthodontia has been discarded as it is a paraphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics.
The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly paraphyletic / polyphyletic.
Although they were previously considered the sister group to the remaining crustaceans, it is now widely accepted that crustaceans form a paraphyletic group, and Branchiopoda are thought to be sister to a clade comprising Xenocarida ( Remipedia and Cephalocarida ) and Hexapoda ( insects and their relatives ).
However, the tree constructed by the living tree project, a collaboration between ARB-Silva and LPSN where a 16S ( and 23S if available ) tree of all validated species was constructed, the genus Bacillus contains a very large number of nested taxa and majorly in both 16S and 23S it is paraphyletic to Lactobacillales ( Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, etc.
However, it is now recognized that the Fissipedia is a paraphyletic group and that the pinnipeds were not the sister group to the fissipeds but rather had arisen from among them.
However, the family Monachinae ( the lobodonts plus Monachus and Mirounga ) is probably paraphyletic.
The change is due to studies suggesting the Myricales, so defined, are paraphyletic to the other two groups.
The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera.
Some family delimitations have changed as well, most notably, the segregation of Calophyllaceae from Clusiaceae sensu lato when it was shown that the latter is paraphyletic.
A paraphyletic group is thus ' nearly ' monophyletic ( consistent with the meaning of the prefix ' para ', namely ' near ' or ' alongside '.
) A polyphyletic group is any group other than a monophyletic group or a paraphyletic group, which like a paraphyletic group contains only some of the descendants of their closest common ancestor, but unlike a paraphyletic group is not characterized by the missing descendants forming one ( or more ) monophyletic groups.
Hence, the traditional platyhelminth subgroup " Turbellaria " is now regarded as paraphyletic, since it excludes the wholly parasitic groups, although these are descended from one group of " turbellarians ".
The traditional class Reptile | Reptilia ( green field ) is a paraphyletic group comprising all amniote s other than the mammals and birds. Paraphyly is a characteristic of some groups of organisms and families of languages.
In phylogenetics ( a subfield of biology ) and in linguistics, a group is said to be paraphyletic if it consists of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group's members minus a small number of monophyletic groups of descendants, typically just one or two such groups.
For example, the group of reptiles, as traditionally defined, is paraphyletic: it contains the last common ancestor of the reptiles — including the extant reptiles as well as the extinct mammal-like reptiles — along with all descendants of that ancestor except for mammals and birds.
A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more of the clades is excluded to form a separate group.
A taxon that is not paraphyletic or monophyletic is polyphyletic ( Greek πολύς, " many ").
is and group
The content is not the same, however: rather than individual security, it is the security and continuing existence of an `` ideological group '' -- those in the `` free world '' -- that is basic.
Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.
The music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, William Steinberg, has molded his group into a prominent musical organization, which is his life.
With the group of boys it is different.
Nothing is more revealing of the way of life and literary aspirations of this group than their attitude toward sex.
This group is secularist and their program tends to be technological.
But the problem is one which gives us the measure of a man, rather than a group of men, whether a group of doctors, a group of party members assembled at a dinner to give their opinion, or the masses of the voters.
The group conducting the review is not holding formal hearings.
After allowing for group exposures, it is apparent that other factors must be considered if we are to comprehend fanaticism.
At Sounion there is a group of beautiful columns, the ruins of a temple to Poseidon, of particular interest at that time, as active reconstruction was in progress.
He is uncompromising in assigning guilt to the man who finds it necessary to inflict or permit injury to one individual or group for the sake of a larger good.
In the main stream of historical thinking is a group of scholars, H.M. Chadwick, R.H. Hodgkin, Sir Frank Stenton et al. who are in varying degrees sceptical of the native traditions of the conquest but who defend the catastrophic type of invasion suggested by them.
Although Patchen has given previous evidence of an interest in jazz, the musical group that he works with, the Chamber Jazz Sextet, is often ignored by jazz critics.
Patchen's musicians are outsiders in established jazz circles, and Patchen himself has remained outside the San Francisco poetry group, maintaining a self-imposed isolation, even though his conversion to poetry-and-jazz is not as extreme or as sudden as it may first appear.
Gov. Dalton's New Commerce and Industry Commission is moving to create a nine-state regional group in a collective effort to attract new industry.
Fortunately, there is a nursery school which he has been able to attend, with a group of normal children.
Perhaps Khrushchev is in a more difficult position than any since 1957, when the `` anti-party group '' nearly liquidated him.
When the fate of the individual is visited on the group, then ( the warm sweet butter dripped from her raised trembling fork and she pushed her head forward belligerently ), ah, then the true bitterness of existence could be tasted.
Mr. Claude is a specialist in torso development and he has long favored the now-famous Weider Push-Pull Super-Set technique in which one exercise of the Super-Set is a pressing or `` pushing '' movement which accents one sector of a muscle group in a specific way, followed by a `` pulling '' exercise which works the opposing sector of the same muscle group.
is and since
Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.
since Bourbon whiskey, though of Kentucky origin, is at least as much favored by liberals in the North as by conservatives in the South.
But what a super-Herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely, particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes, in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy.
Its massive contours are rooted in the simple need of man, since he is always incomplete, to complete himself.
The young William Faulkner in New Orleans in the 1920's impressed the novelist Hamilton Basso as obviously conscious of being a Southerner, and there is no evidence that since then he has ever considered himself any less so.
Without saying or seeming to say that in portraying the Sartoris and the Compson families Faulkner's chief concern is social criticism, we can say nevertheless that through those families he dramatizes his comment on the planter dynasties as they have existed since the decades before the Civil War.
Circular motion, however, since it is eternal and perfectly continuous, lacks termini.
At the same time, I am aware that my recoil could be interpreted by readers of the tea leaves at the bottom of my psyche as an incestuous sign, since theirs is a science of paradox: if one hates, they say it is because one loves ; ;
But when these expectations are once too often ground into the dust, innocence can falter, since its strength is according to the strength of him who possesses it.
It is true that this distinction between style and idea often approaches the arbitrary since in the end we must admit that style and content frequently influence or interpenetrate one another and sometimes appear as expressions of the same insight.
It has been a long time since he has seen any campaign money, and when the proposition is laid down to him as the friends of Mr. Hearst are laying it down these days he is quite likely to get aboard the Hearst bandwagon ''.
One's daily work becomes sacred, since it is performed in the field of influence of the moral law, dealing as it does with people as well as with matter and energy.
My argument is that there was no Saxon Shore prior to that time even though the forts had been in existence since the time of Carausius.
This, naturally, will be difficult to do since both the archaeological and place-name evidence in this period, with some fortunate exceptions, is insufficient for precise chronological purposes.
I would, however, like to suggest that, wrong though I may be, the tendency to see dilemmas rather than solutions is one of which I have been a victim ever since I can remember, and therefore not merely a senile phenomenon.
But since last fall the United States has been moving toward a pro-neutralist position and now is ready to back the British plan for a cease-fire patrolled by outside observers and followed by a conference of interested powers.
`` The cannery '', said Mrs. Lewellyn Lundeen, an active booster of the cannery since its opening during the war and rationing years of 1941, to handle the `` victory garden '' produce, `` is a service to the taxpayer.
Morrison points out that since our country is more urbanized than the Soviet Union or Red China, it is the most vulnerable of the great powers -- Europe of course must be written off out of hand.
It is vitally important that the new U.S. aid program should encourage all of them, since the main thrust for development must come from the less developed countries themselves.
Mr. Sulzberger's successor as publisher is Mr. Orvil E. Dryfoos, who is president of the New York Times Co., and who has been with the Times since 1942.
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