According to Richard Dawkins, a distinction between agnosticism and atheism is unwieldy and depends on how close to zero we are willing to rate the probability of existence for any given god-like entity.

Richard Dawkins in his book River Out of Eden used the computer bootstrapping concept to explain how biological cells differentiate: " Different cells receive different combinations of chemicals, which switch on different combinations of genes, and some genes work to switch other genes on or off.

Why this should have happened is, to me, the most profound mystery facing modern biology " Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene.

According to Richard Dawkins in his book The Ancestor's Tale, chimps and bonobos may be descended from Australopithecus.

In the United Kingdom the term often retains its positive sense as a reference to natural selection, and for example Richard Dawkins wrote in his collection of essays A Devil's Chaplain, published in 2003, that as a scientist he is a Darwinist.

Dennett is referred to as one of the " Four Horsemen of New Atheism ", along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.

Dennett's views on evolution are identified as being strongly adaptationist, in line with his theory of the intentional stance, and the evolutionary views of biologist Richard Dawkins.

This stems from Gould's long-running public debate with E. O. Wilson and other evolutionary biologists over human sociobiology and its descendant evolutionary psychology, which Gould and Richard Lewontin opposed, but which Dennett advocated, together with Dawkins and Steven Pinker.

Mayr rejected the idea of a gene-centered view of evolution and starkly but politely criticized Richard Dawkins ' ideas:

* The ESS was a major element used to analyze evolution in Richard Dawkins ' bestselling 1976 book The Selfish Gene.

In The Selfish Gene, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins writes that " Blood-feuds and inter-clan warfare are easily interpretable in terms of Hamilton's genetic theory.

" In his book The God Delusion, the biologist Richard Dawkins sharply criticized Dyson for accepting the Templeton Prize in 2000.

In The Dawkins Delusion ?, Christian theologian Alister McGrath and his wife, psychologist Joanna Collicutt McGrath, compare Richard Dawkins ' " total dogmatic conviction of correctness " to " a religious fundamentalism which refuses to allow its ideas to be examined or challenged.

Richard Dawkins has rejected the charge of " fundamentalism ," arguing that critics mistake his " passion "— which he says may match that of evangelical Christians — for an inability to change his mind.

* Richard Dawkins ' The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalism by Simon Watson, published in Anthropoetics XV, 2 Spring 2010

* Natural ' Knowledge ' and Natural ' Design ' by Richard Dawkins

Richard Dawkins cited Jaynes ' ideas in his book The God Delusion, stating " It is one of those books that is either complete rubbish or a work of consummate genius, nothing in between ...".

Among its more famous critics are the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould – notable, given the diversity of this trio's views on other scientific matters.

* Dawkins, Richard.

The word meme is a shortening ( modeled on gene ) of mimeme ( from Ancient Greek μίμημα mīmēma, " something imitated ", from μιμεῖσθαι mimeisthai, " to imitate ", from μῖμος mimos " mime ") and it was coined by the British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins in The Selfish Gene ( 1976 ) as a concept for discussion of evolutionary principles in explaining the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena.

The word meme originated with Richard Dawkins ' 1976 book The Selfish Gene.

Richard Dawkins noted the three conditions that must exist for evolution to occur:

Although social scientists such as Max Weber sought to understand and explain religion in terms of a cultural attribute, Richard Dawkins called for a re-analysis of religion in terms of the evolution of self-replicating ideas apart from any resulting biological advantages they might bestow.

Richard Nixon himself initially vetoed the Clean Water Act, citing its projected costs, though he was ultimately overridden by Congress.

Both the Duchess and her husband Richard Bertie first opposed the marriage, and the Queen initially withheld her consent.

In Germany, the term was used mainly by proponents of closer adaptation to US policies, chiefly Franz Josef Strauss, but was initially coined in scholarly debate, and made known by the German political scientists Walter Hallstein and Richard Löwenthal, reflecting feared effects of withdrawal of US troops from Germany.

John initially remained loyal to his father, but changed sides once it appeared that Richard would win.

Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons, Richard the Lionheart and John Lackland, who were in rebellion against their father.

The Standard Alphabet by Lepsius is a Latin alphabet developed by Karl Richard Lepsius, who initially used it to transcribe Egyptian hieroglyphs and extended it to write African languages or transcribe other languages, published in 1854 and 1855, and in a revised edition ( with many languages added ) in 1863, it was comprehensive but it was not used much as it contains a lot of diacritic marks and therefore was difficult to read, write and typeset at that time.

The Manchester Poetry Festival's Richard Michael became interested in sponsoring this event, and Henry Normal, an up and coming poet, initially decided to sponsor it himself.

Simon noticed a striking resemblance between Lambert and the supposedly murdered sons of Edward IV, so he initially intended to present Simnel as Richard, Duke of York, son of King Edward IV, the younger of the vanished Princes in the Tower.

Stone initially wanted Richard Gere but the actor passed, so the director went with Douglas despite having been advised by others in Hollywood not to cast him.

In the ‘ history plays ’ of William Shakespeare, Lord Stanley features in a pivotal role throughout the play Richard III as an initially loyal but troubled royal servant whose misgivings as to Richard ’ s ‘ true ’ nature lead him towards collaboration with his stepson Henry Tudor and active assistance in placing him on the throne.

It was initially housed in a building on the corner of Quay Street and Byrom Street which had been the home of the philanthropist Richard Cobden, and subsequently was to house Manchester County Court.

After initially supporting Richard, Buckingham subsequently started working with John Morton, Bishop of Ely, in support of Buckingham's second-cousin Henry Tudor against the King, even though this placed him on the same side as his despised Woodville in-laws.

The initially 400 acre farm was first settled in 1712 by Nicholas Concklin and eleven generations later operates as a 100 acre farm by brother and sister Richard and Linda Concklin along with 10 full-time and 15 part-time employees.

In the early 19th century, the reforming zeal of Provosts John Eveleigh and Edward Copleston gained Oriel the reputation of being the most brilliant college of the day and the centre of the " Oriel Noetics " — clerical liberals such as Richard Whately and Thomas Arnold were Fellows, and the during the 1830s, two intellectually eminent Fellows of Oriel, John Keble and The Blessed John Henry Newman, supported by Canon Pusey ( also an Oriel fellow initially, later at Christ Church ) and others, formed a group known as the Oxford Movement, alternatively as the Tractarians, or familiarly as the Puseyites.

Richard Dawson has stated in an interview that he had initially used a Liverpool accent for the Newkirk character, but had been told by Mike Dann ( the then-president of CBS ) to switch it to a Cockney accent, as Dann felt that the Liverpool accent was not accessible to the American TV audience.

According to Associate Producer Mort Abrahams, Heston refused initially to appear in the sequel but " he made so much money out of the first one " that studio head Richard Zanuck asked Heston to do a cameo as a favor.

The brothel started out as a set of four double-wide trailers, run by Richard Bennet and initially called Mustang Bridge Ranch.

Hurt initially came to prominence for his role as Richard Rich in the 1966 film A Man for All Seasons, and has since appeared in such popular films as: Alien, Midnight Express, Rob Roy, V for Vendetta, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, the first, penultimate, and last Harry Potter films, the Hellboy film series, and Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy.

Motown struggled to find good material for many of their acts after the exit of Motown contributor and Reeves ' mentor William " Mickey " Stevenson in 1967 and Holland – Dozier – Holland in early 1968, but after their former collaborators left the label, the Vandellas initially continued to find success with the Richard Morris produced singles " Love Bug Leave My Heart Alone " ( US # 25 ; R & B # 14 ) and " Honey Chile " ( US # 11 ; UK # 30 ; R & B # 5 ) added to their already extended list of charted singles.

Richard initially works for the local council ; however, he reluctantly accepts early retirement at the turn of series three.

Historian Richard Mitchell states that patrician families were initially those who held positions within the priesthoods, and that the ancient Senate, composed of patricians, was a religious advisory body.

He studied in Vienna under Hans Leo Przibram and in Munich under Richard von Hertwig, initially in the field of medicine but later turning to the natural sciences.

The existence of a multiplier effect was initially proposed by Richard Kahn in 1930 and published in 1931.