Most historians, including Edward Gibbon, date the defeat at Manzikert as the beginning of the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Some historians define and minimize the Arian conflict as the exclusive construct of Arius and a handful of rogue bishops engaging in heresy ; but others recognize Arius as a defender of ' original ' Christianity, or as providing a conservative response against the politicization of Christianity seeking union with the Roman Empire.

AUC is a year-numbering system used by some ancient Roman historians to identify particular Roman years.

The Roman historians Suetonius and Cassius Dio record that in 23 BC, Augustus prepared a rationarium ( account ) which listed public revenues, the amounts of cash in the aerarium ( treasury ), in the provincial fisci ( tax officials ), and in the hands of the publicani ( public contractors ); and that it included the names of the freedmen and slaves from whom a detailed account could be obtained.

It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which is called the Byzantine Empire by modern historians.

Most historians favour a site in the West Midlands, somewhere along the Roman road now known as Watling Street.

This humiliating treaty, the contemporary spread of plague with its devastating effects and the chaotic situation in the East with the Sassanian invasions left Gallus with a very bad reputation amongst the latter Roman historians.

* Dexippus, Scythica, ( fragments of a lost work which is the main known source of all later Roman and Byzantine historians and chronographers ), in Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, entry 100, ed.

As Augustus, he would retain the trappings of a restored Republican leader ; however, historians generally view this consolidation of power and the adoption of these honorifics as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire.

In the beginning of Christendom, early Christianity was a religion spread in the Greek / Roman world and beyond as a 1st century Jewish sect, which historians refer to as Jewish Christianity.

This campaign is derided by ancient historians with accounts of Gauls dressed up as Germanic tribesmen at his triumph and Roman troops ordered to collect seashells as " spoils of the sea ".

The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms.

Some historians have argued that mid-4th century Roman authorities, in an attempt to enforce the Nicene decision on Easter, attempted to interfere with the Jewish calendar.

The story that she and her ladies dressed as Amazons is disputed by serious historians, sometime confused with the account of King Conrad's train of ladies during this campaign ( in Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ).

The areas administered from Rome are referred to by historians the Western Roman Empire and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the Eastern Roman Empire or ( after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD ) the Later Roman or Byzantine Empire.

Some historians have speculated that since Rome lacked advanced naval technology the design of the warships was probably copied verbatim from captured Carthaginian triremes and quinqueremes or from ships that had beached on Roman shores due to storms.

Roman historians recalled that twelve lictors had ceremoniously accompanied the Etruscan kings of Rome in the distant past, and sought to account for the number and to provide etymologies for the name lictor.

During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire lived on in Southeastern Europe, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire as the state was Greek, and not Latin, in language and culture.

Native Celtic peoples had been marginalized during the period of Roman Britain, and when the Romans abandoned the British Isles during the 400s, waves of Germanic peoples, known to later historians as the Anglo-Saxons, migrated to southern Britain and established a series of petty kingdoms in what would eventually develop into the Kingdom of England by AD 927.

Beyond the first few decades after the initial invasion, Roman historians generally mention Britannia only in passing.

If later, hostile historians can be believed, Elagabalus showed a disregard for Roman religious traditions and sexual taboos.

* The Roman Calendar of 354, a illuminated manuscript, is drawn up and becomes the earliest dated codex.

The earliest surviving substantive illuminated manuscripts are from the period AD 400 to 600, initially produced in Italy and the Eastern Roman Empire.

These in turn drew on traditions in illuminated manuscripts, going back to late Roman Imperial manuscripts on purple-dyed vellum.

Saint Margaret the Virgin | Saint Margaret attracts the attention of the Roman prefect, by Jean Fouquet from an illuminated manuscript

Saint Margaret attracts the attention of the Roman prefect, by Jean Fouquet from an illuminated manuscript.

Spain had an old tradition standing since before The Book of Good Love of social observation and commentary based on the Old Roman Latin tradition and to this many of its painters, and illuminated miniature painters followed work.

Saint Margaret the Virgin | Saint Margaret attracts the attention of the Roman prefect, by Jean Fouquet from an illuminated manuscript

The Pericopes of Henry II ( Munich, Bavarian State Library, Clm 4452 ) is a luxurious medieval illuminated manuscript made for Henry II, the last Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor, made c. 1002 – 1012 AD.

As the " barbarian " peoples were Christianized, these influences interacted with the post-classical Mediterranean Christian artistic tradition, and new forms like the illuminated manuscript, and indeed coins, which attempted to emulate Roman provincial coins and Byzantine types.

Together these cover antiquities from Ancient Egypt, Sudan, Greece and Rome, Roman and Romano-Egyptian Art, Western Asiatic displays and a new gallery of Cypriot Art ; applied arts, including English and European pottery and glass, furniture, clocks, fans, armour, Chinese, Japanese and Korean art, rugs and samplers ; coins and medals ; illuminated, literary and music manuscripts and rare printed books ; paintings, including masterpieces by Simone Martini, Olivuccio di Ciccarello, Domenico Veneziano, Titian, Veronese, Rubens, Van Dyck, van Goyen, Frans Hals, Canaletto, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Constable, Monet, Degas, Renoir, Cézanne and Picasso and a fine collection of 20th-century art ; miniatures, drawings, watercolours and prints.

Image: Sainte Marguerite et Olibrius. jpg | Saint Margaret the Virgin attracts the attention of the Roman prefect, ( from an illuminated manuscript )

Upon his death, Henry Walters bequeathed the collection of over 22, 000 works and the original Charles Street palazzo building to the city of Baltimore, “ for the benefit of the public .” The collection touches masterworks of ancient Egypt, Greek sculpture and Roman sarcophagi, medieval ivories, illuminated manuscripts, Renaissance bronzes, Old Master and 19th-century paintings, Chinese ceramics and bronzes, and Art Deco jewelry.

From the late 14th century a number of bibliophile royal figures began to collect luxury illuminated manuscripts for their decorations, a fashion that spread across Europe from the Valois courts of France and the Burgundy, as well as Prague under Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and later Wenceslaus.

One of the last major illuminated book of hours was the Farnese Hours completed for the Roman Cardinal Alessandro Farnese in 1546 by Giulio Clovio, who was also the last major manuscript illuminator.

It is a notable example Crusader art, which resulted from a merging of the artistic styles of Roman Catholic Europe, the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire and the art of the Armenian illuminated manuscript.

Whenever a country chose to commute a sentence or abolish the death penalty entirely, the group illuminated the Roman Colosseum for various numbers of days.

3867 ), also known as the Roman Vergil, is a 5th century illuminated manuscript of the works of Virgil.

Image: Roman Bollard illuminated. jpg | Internally illuminated traffic bollard used in Rome, Italy.

Michael Craig-Martin was given a religious education, initially for eight years in a Roman Catholic school run by nuns, and then in the English Benedictine Priory School ( now St. Anselm's Abbey School ), where pupils were encouraged to look at religious imagery in illuminated glass panels and stained-glass windows.

As summarized by Karl Keating, the Roman Catholic apologetic for the inspiration of scripture first considers the scriptures as a merely historical source, and then it attempts to derive the divinity of Jesus from the information contained therein, illuminated by the tradition of the Catholic Church and by what they consider to be common knowledge about human nature.

The Benedictine monastery of Stavelot ruled the Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy, a small statelet in the Holy Roman Empire, and in this period commissioned a number of magnificent pieces of religious metalwork, as well as apparently running a scriptorium which produced some significant illuminated manuscripts, most notably the Stavelot Bible of 1093 – 97.

The Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum, a Roman treatise on land surveying is preserved in the manuscript known as Codex Guelfferbytanus 36. 23 Augusteus 2 – a 5th or 6th century illuminated manuscript.