However, since then, Masʻūd had allied himself with the powerful governor of Azerbaijan and Jibal, who in 1185 began moving his troops across the Zagros Mountains, causing Saladin to hesitate in his attacks.

Richard once praised Saladin as a great prince, saying that he was without doubt the greatest and most powerful leader in the Islamic world.

He seems to have been in league with William II of Sicily, who was a powerful thorn in the side of the Empire, which helped him to hold the island as long as he did, and had close connections to sultan Saladin as well.

After his withdrawal, Saladin reorganized his armies in Egypt with the assistance of his brother Turan-Shah and received the ambassador of the powerful Kilij Arslan.

The Latin clergy were expelled after the city was captured by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria.

In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.

* 1193 – Saladin, Kurdish sultan ( b. 1137 )

Tamar sought to make use of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire and the crusaders ' defeat at the hands of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in order to gain Georgia's position on the international stage and to assume the traditional role of the Byzantine crown as a protector of the Christians of the Middle East.

* Nur ad-Din Zangi invades Egypt, and names his nephew Saladin sultan as well as vizier of Cairo.

* Saladin conquers Syria and becomes sultan.

Along with Raynald of Châtillon, he provoked Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, with raids on Muslim caravans.

Saladin had been appointed vizier of Egypt in 1169 and soon came to rule the country as sultan.

When Saladin was proclaimed sultan in Cairo in 1171, he chose the Fatimid-built Lesser Western Palace ( part of a larger palace complex in Cairo isolated from the urban sprawl ) as the seat of government.

The Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, Saladin, fortified both Kolzum and Suez in to defend Egypt's eastern frontier from Crusader raids by Raynald of Chatillon.

In 1180 the sultan took advantage of the instability in the Byzantine Empire after Manuel's death to secure most of the southern coast of Anatolia, and allied with Saladin, Nur ad-Din's successor, that same year.

Throughout these internal political conflicts, an even greater external threat was on the horizon: Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, who was steadily building up his power-base in preparation for invasion.

The 12th-century sultan Saladin founded an Arab village named al-Fulah on the site.

In June 1180, Saladin, the sultan of Egypt, and Kilij Arslan II, the sultan of Iconium met on the river Sanja and there, apparently concluded an alliance.

This was intolerable to the Ayyubid sultan Saladin, who invaded the kingdom in 1187.

He was the son of sultan al-Adil, a brother of Saladin.

During his reign Saladin ended the Fatimid caliphate, became the sultan of Egypt and declared his allegiance to the Abbasids.

Kara Aslan's son Nur ad-Din Muhammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against the Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad.

Set in Jerusalem during the Third Crusade, it describes how the wise Jewish merchant Nathan, the enlightened sultan Saladin, and the ( initially anonymous ) Templar bridge their gaps between Judaism, Islam and Christianity.

After the Muslim army defeated the Crusaders in the decisive Battle of Hattin in 1187, their leader Saladin, now the independent sultan of the Ayyubid Empire, advanced south and captured both Ascalon and Darom by 1188.

At the end of 1186, Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Damascus, threatened the borders of the kingdom after Guy's ally Raynald of Châtillon, lord of Oultrejordain, had attacked a Muslim caravan.

There was a revolt against Saladin as sultan in the last quarter of the 12th century, and Shia Muslims began to persecute the Jewish faith in the Yemen at this time.

He spent most of his father's treasury ( filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe ), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for marks.

Saladin promptly impressed the inhabitants of the town by publishing a decree that ordered a number of taxes to be canceled and erased all mention of them from treasury records, stating " the most miserable rulers are those whose purses are fat and their people thin.

* 1192 – Richard the Lion-Heart is captured and imprisoned by Leopold V of Austria on his way home to England after signing a treaty with Saladin ending the Third crusade.

The kingdom had a truce with Saladin at the time, and Raynald's actions have been seen as an independent act of brigandage ; it is possible that he was trying to prevent Saladin from moving his forces north to take control of Aleppo, which would have strengthened Saladin's position.

Among the major equipment that is not currently active are AMX-13, Saladin, Panhard M3, and Staghound.

The Muslims protested and occupied the site, where a nephew of Saladin is believed to be buried.

As such, Saladin is a prominent figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture.

Saladin, who now lived in Damascus, was reported to have a particular fondness of the city, but information on his early childhood is scarce.

The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited to have helped Shirkuh in one of the " most remarkable victories in recorded history ", according to Ibn al-Athir, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory.

Ibn al-Athir claims that the caliph chose him after being told by his advisers that " there is no one weaker or younger " than Saladin, and " not one of the emirs obeyed him or served him.

While ill, he asked Saladin to pay him a visit to request that he take care of his young children, but Saladin refused, fearing treachery against the Abbasids, and is said to have regretted his action after realizing what al-Adid had wanted.

Ibn Jubayr a famous traveler from Al-Andalus is known to have met Saladin in Cairo after the abdication of the Fatimid s.

Saladin wrote in a letter to al-Adil: " this Yemen is a treasure house ... We conquered it, but up to this day we have had no return and no advantage from it.

According to the later thirteenth century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, Raynald captured Saladin's sister in a raid on a caravan, although this claim is not attested in contemporary sources, Muslim or Frankish, instead stating that Raynald had attacked a preceding caravan, and Saladin set guards to ensure the safety of his sister and her son, who came to no harm.

Instead the mausoleum, which is open to visitors, now has two sarcophagi: the empty one made of marble and the original wooden one, which holds Saladin.

In Syria, even the smallest city is centred on a defensible citadel, and Saladin introduced this essential feature to Egypt.

It is mainly from this novel that the contemporary view of Saladin originates.

An interesting view of Saladin and the world in which he lived is provided by Tariq Ali's novel The Book of Saladin.

* A heavily fictionalized version of Saladin is played by Ghassan Massoud in the 2005 movie Kingdom of Heaven.

Melchizedek, a Jew, has money enough to cover the shortfall, but Saladin believes he is too avaricious to lend it fairly.

Saladin tries to trick Melchizedek into giving offense ( and justifying the seizure of his wealth ) by asking him whether Judaism, Christianity, or Islam law is the true word of God.

Saladin, the Sultan, in guise of a merchant, is honourably entreated by Messer Torello.