* Seigniorage derived from specie — metal coins, is a tax, added to the total price of a coin ( metal content and production costs ), that a customer of the mint had to pay to the mint, and that was sent to the sovereign of the political area.

* Seigniorage derived from notes is more indirect, being the difference between interest earned on securities acquired in exchange for bank notes and the costs of producing and distributing those notes.

Seigniorage is a convenient source of revenue for some governments.

Seigniorage, therefore, is the positive return on issuing notes and coins, or " carry " on money in circulation.

Seigniorage is the net revenue derived from the issuing of currency.

Seigniorage is an important source of revenue for some national banks, although it provides a very small proportion of revenue for advanced industrial countries.

* Seigniorage, the benefit from printing money

Seigniorage occurred.

Seigniorage did not occur.

Alfheim (, " elf home ") is one of the Nine Worlds and home of the Light Elves in Norse mythology and appears also in Anglo-Scottish ballads under the form Elfhame ( Elphame, Elfame ) as a fairyland, sometimes modernized as Elfland ( Elfinland, Elvenland ).

Aachen (, also known as Bad Aachen ) is a spa town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Alexander I of Epirus (, 370 BC – 331 BC ), also known as Alexander Molossus (), was a king of Epirus ( 350 – 331 BC ) of the Aeacid dynasty.

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Abadan (, Arabic: عبادان, also Romanized as Ābādān ) is a city in and the capital of Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran.

Asterix or The Adventures of Asterix (, ) is a series of French comic books written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo ( Uderzo also took over the job of writing the series after the death of Goscinny in 1977 ).

The team has also won four division titles (,,, and ) since their 1947 – 1948 NFL championship game appearances.

Ælfheah (, " elf-high "; 954 – 19 April 1012 ), officially remembered by the name Alphege within some churches, and also called Elphege, Alfege, or Godwine, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, later Archbishop of Canterbury.

Arab people, also known as Arabs (, ʿarab ), are a panethnicity as are about half of Arabs in Australia who come particularly from Lebanon, Syria, and the Palestinian territories.

An airport security guard and Imam, Abdulaziz al-Omari (,, also transliterated as Alomari or al-Umari ) ( May 28, 1979 – September 11, 2001 ) was one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 11 as part of the September 11 attacks.

Abadeh (, also Romanized as Ābādeh ) is a city in and the capital of Abadeh County, in Fars Province, Iran.

Adenylate cyclase (, also known as adenylyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase or AC ) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in nearly all cells.

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

Amphisbaena (, plural: amphisbaenae ), amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amphivena, or anphivena ( the last two being feminine ), a Greek word, from amphis, meaning " both ways ", and bainein, meaning " to go ", also called the Mother of Ants, is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end.

The Durrani Empire (, also referred to as the Last Afghan Empire ) was founded in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani with its capital at Kandahar, Afghanistan.

Preaspirated stops also occur in some Sami languages ; for example, in Sami, the unvoiced stop phonemes,,, are pronounced preaspirated (, ) when they occur in medial or final position.

The Brazilian Air Force (,, also known as FAB, or ) is the biggest air force in South America.

The Bosphorus () or Bosporus (,,, Vosporos,, Bosfora ), also known as the Istanbul Strait (), is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia.

Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu ' l-ʿazam wa ' l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī ), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (< big > بابر </ big >).

The Constitution of Medina (, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīna ), also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

These came from Buddhist beliefs ; the classical Chinese elements (, go gyô ) are also prominent in Japanese culture, especially to the influential Neo-Confucianists during the Edo period.

Hanukkah (, Tiberian:, usually spelled, pronounced in Modern Hebrew ; also romanized as Chanukah, Chanukkah, Chanuka, or Khanukah ), also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple ( the Second Temple ) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt of the 2nd century BCE.

The Bible also refers to it as (, " the Eastern sea ") and (, " Sea of the Arabah ").

Abigail (, spelled Abigal in ) was the wife of Nabal ; she became a wife of David after Nabal's death ( 1 Samuel ).

Kabul ( Kābul ) (, ;, ;, ), also spelled Cabool, Caubul, Kabol, or Cabul, mostly in historical contexts, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan.

In Norse mythology, Ragnarök (, or ), typically spelled Ragnarǫk in the handwritten scripts, is a series of future events, including a great battle foretold to ultimately result in the death of a number of major figures ( including the gods Odin, Thor, Týr, Freyr, Heimdallr, and Loki ), the occurrence of various natural disasters, and the subsequent submersion of the world in water.

The Muslim holiday of Eid ul-Fitr (, " festivity of breaking the fast "), sometimes spelled in English as Eid al-Fitr, marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of the next lunar month called Shawwal in Arabic.

Theophanu ( 960 – June 15, 991 ) (, Theophano Skleraina ), also spelled Theophania, Theophana or Theophano, was born in Constantinople, and was the wife of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Allioli (, also spelled alioli ), from all i oli, Catalan for " garlic and oil ", is a typical paste-like cold sauce of Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Valencia.

The Archean (, also spelled Archaean ; formerly Archaeozoic ), also spelled Archeozoic or Archæozoic ) is a geologic eon before the Proterozoic Eon, before 2. 5 Ga ( billion years, or 2, 500 ) ago.

C-3PO (, phonetically spelled See-Threepio ; 3PO or Threepio for short ) is a robot character from the Star Wars universe who appears in both the original Star Wars films and the prequel trilogy.

Sharon (, Tiberian Hebrew: Šārôn ) Is a unisex name which can be spelled with one " r " or two ( Sharron ).

Ceviche (, also spelled cebiche, or seviche, ) is a seafood dish popular in the coastal regions of the Americas, especially Central and South America.

A waqf also spelled wakf, (, pronounced ; plural, awqāf ;, ) is, under the context of ' sadaqah ', an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically denoting a building or plot of land or even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes.

Ephialtes of Trachis (, Ephialtēs ; although Herodotus spelled it as, Epialtes ) was the son of Eurydemus of Malis.

Nabil Ali Muhammad ( Abu Rashid ) Shaath (,, also spelled Sha ' ath ; born August 1938 in Safad ) is a senior Palestinian official.

Coös County (, with two syllables ), usually spelled simply Coos County, is a county in the U. S. state of New Hampshire, including the whole of the state's northern panhandle.

Tigrinya (, tigriñā ), also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrnia, Tigrina, Tigriña, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is a Semitic language spoken in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia ( its speakers there are called " Tigrawot, Tegaru ") by the Tigrinya people, where it has official status, and in central Eritrea, where it is one of the two main languages of Eritrea, and among groups of emigrants from these regions, including some of the Beta Israel now living in Israel.

Manna () or al-Mann wa al-Salwa (,, ), sometimes or archaically spelled mana, is an edible substance that, according to Judeo-Christian and Islamic doctrine, God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert according to the Bible and the Qur ' an.

Saqqara (, ), also spelled Sakkara or Saccara in English (), is a vast, ancient burial ground in Egypt, serving as the necropolis for the Ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis.

Narasimha (, ) or Nrusimha ( न ृ स िं ह, Nṛsiṃha ), also spelled as Narasingh, Narsingh and Narasingha, whose name literally translates from Sanskrit as " Man-lion ", is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu and one of Hinduism's most popular deities, as evidenced in early epics, iconography, and temple and festival worship for over a millennium.

Khan Yunis (, also spelled Khan Younis or Khan Yunus ; translation: Caravanserai Yunis ) is a city in the southern Gaza Strip.

Naypyidaw (, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw and Naypyitaw ; ) is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma.

Mahārāja (, also spelled maharajah ) is a Sanskrit title for a " great king " or " high king ".

Omar ( also spelled Omer or Umar ) (, ) () can refer to: