Since these electrons are moving like planets, you may wonder whether there is an atomic sun at the center of the atom.

The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom ; thus, A = Z + N. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass ( and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes ), and the mass defect is usually very small compared to the mass, the atomic mass of an atom is roughly equal to A.

Since a coulomb is approximately equal to elementary charges ( such as electrons ), one ampere is approximately equivalent to elementary charges moving past a boundary in one second, or the reciprocal of the value of the elementary charges in coulombs.

Since the later discovery of the electron, an easier to remember, and more durably correct technically although historically false, etymology has been suggested: anode, from the Greek anodos, ' way up ', ' the way ( up ) out of the cell ( or other device ) for electrons '.

Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.

Since electrons are fermions, no two electrons can be in the same state, so not all electrons can be in the minimum-energy level.

Since the electrons have a negative charge, they are repelled by the cathode and attracted to the anode.

Since the later discovery of the electron, an easier to remember, and more durably technically correct ( although historically false ), etymology has been suggested: cathode, from the Greek kathodos, ' way down ', ' the way ( down ) into the cell ( or other device ) for electrons '.

Since the energy levels of electrons in atoms are discrete, each element and each molecule emits and absorbs its own characteristic frequencies.

Since the electron's wavelength is determined by its momentum, orbitals containing higher speed electrons show contraction due to smaller wavelengths.

Since a bar magnet gets its ferromagnetism from electrons distributed evenly throughout the bar, when a bar magnet is cut in half, each of the resulting pieces is a smaller bar magnet.

Since the gyro-motion of electrons and ions is in opposite directions, an electric current flows along the boundary.

Since the energy of the photoelectrons emitted is exactly the energy of the incident photon minus the material's work function or binding energy, the work function of a sample can be determined by bombarding it with a monochromatic X-ray source or UV source, and measuring the kinetic energy distribution of the electrons emitted.

Since there are so many ( on the order of 10 < exp > 22 </ exp >) atoms in a macroscopic crystal, the resulting energy states available for electrons are very closely spaced.

Since heavy elements ( high atomic number ) backscatter electrons more strongly than light elements ( low atomic number ), and thus appear brighter in the image, BSE are used to detect contrast between areas with different chemical compositions.

Since a toroidal field is curved and decreases in strength moving away from the axis of rotation, the ions and the electrons move parallel to the axis, but in opposite directions.

Since secondary electrons can outnumber the primary electrons, in the worst case, particularly as the plate voltage dips below the screen voltage, the plate current can decrease with increasing plate voltage.

Since the demonstrations of wave-like properties in photons and electrons, similar experiments have been conducted with neutrons and protons.

Since orbital energies are unique to an atom of a specific element, analysis of the ejected electrons can yield information about the chemical composition of a surface.

Since the Pauli exclusion principle forbids electrons from occupying the same state, any additional electron would be forced to occupy a positive-energy eigenstate, and positive-energy electrons would be forbidden from decaying into negative-energy eigenstates.

Since, we see that the total radiated power goes as or, which accounts for why electrons lose energy to bremsstrahlung radiation much more rapidly than heavier charged particles ( e. g., muons, protons, alpha particles ).

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since we can neither undo nor redo the past, we are limited to the events of today and tomorrow.

Since the recognition of Israel as a nation state, claims are made in many cases which identify the claimant as a member of the new body politic.

Since accurate base maps are necessary for any planning program, the first step taken by the planning division to implement the long-range state plan has been to prepare two series of base maps -- one at a scale of 1 inch to a mile, and the second a series of 26 sheets at a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, covering the entire state.

Since conventional methods are insensitive at the low frequencies of these molecular transitions, the paramagnetic resonance method is being used instead.

Since broadcast frequencies are very limited in number, these objectives are to some extent inconsistent in that not all of them can be fully realized, and to the extent that each is realized, there is a corresponding reduction of the possibilities for fullest achievement of the others.

Since the provision of skywave service requires adequate freedom from interference, only class 1, stations are capable of rendering skywave service.

Since the sides are also covered up to the spray rails, they are also rough-sanded in that area.

Since fly cutters are one sided and not balanced, they should be used at the slowest speed available, and fed very slowly to avoid binding.

Since there are almost no schools in the country offering graduate work in interior design this rule cannot at present be observed.

Since charges are relatively the same, reserving a car before you leave for Europe will assure you of having one on tap when you want it.

Since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive, a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents.

Since the circulating thyroid hormones are the amino acids thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine ( cf. Section C ), it is clear that some mechanism must exist in the thyroid gland for their release from proteins before secretion.

Since emotional reactions in the higher vertebrates depend on individual experience and are aroused in man, in addition, by complex symbols, one would expect that the hypothalamus could be excited from the cortex.

Since Af are distinct prime polynomials, the polynomials Af are relatively prime ( Theorem 8, Chapter 4 ).

Since D and D' are both diagonalizable and they commute, they are simultaneously diagonalizable, and Af is diagonalizable.

Since N and N' are both nilpotent and they commute, the operator Af is nilpotent ; ;

Since Af are linearly independent functions and the exponential function has no zeros, these R functions Af, form a basis for the space of solutions.

Since the choice is by lot each week, the outcomes of different trials are independent.

Since two curves of symbol Af on Q intersect in Af points, it follows that there are Af lines of Af which are tangent to Aj.