Since July 2007, following the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the following Battle of Gaza, Hamas has functioned as the de-facto ruler in the Gaza Strip, forming an alternative Hamas Government in Gaza.

Since real political power belongs to the sole legal party, in certain states under Marxist constitutions of the constitutionally socialist state type inspired by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) and its constitutive Soviet republics, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person.

Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government have grown substantially and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.

Since then, many jurisdictions have been swayed by Justice Traynor's arguments on behalf of the strict liability rule in Escola, Greenman, and subsequent cases — including nearly all U. S. states, the European Union, Australia, and Japan — and have adopted it either by judicial decision or by legislative act.

Since the president is both the " Chairman for Life " of the Halk Maslahaty and the supreme leader of the Mejlis, the 2003 law has the effect of making him the sole authority of both the executive and legislative branches of government.

Since Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ), the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause as requiring the states to apportion their congressional districts and state legislative seats according to " one man, one vote ".

Since many a country with a transitional political and economic system continues treating its constitution as an abstract legal document disengaged from the economic policy of the state, practice of judicial review of economic acts of executive and legislative branches began to grow.

Since the colonial era, Rhode Island would rotate its legislative sessions between Providence, Newport, Bristol, East Greenwich and Kingston and did not have a fixed capital.

Since that time, the federal government has slowly devolved legislative jurisdiction to the territories.

Since the U. S. Civil War, the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly, although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance ( e. g., the decades immediately following the Civil War ) or when states ' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action, executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts.

Since the executive and legislative functions are closely intertwined in any parliamentary system, the Bundesrat's ability to revisit and slow down legislative processes could be seen as making up for that loss of separation.

Since the 1970s most legislative and administrative competencies have been transferred to the two autonomous provinces which make up the region: Trentino and South Tyrol.

Since the 1799 constitution, the governor has been permitted to call the legislature into session somewhere other than the state capital if the capital had, since the last legislative session, " become dangerous from an enemy or from contagious diseases.

Since 2003, he has served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, a position which is roughly equivalent to that of a Speaker of a legislative assembly.

Since 1935 the Legislative Analysis and Information Section ( formerly “ Bill Digest ”) of CRS has had statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and maintenance of historical legislative information.

Since adoption of the current state constitution in 1972, which mandated single-member legislative districts for the first time in the state's history, the Montana Senate has been controlled by Democrats in 9 sessions, and Republicans in 10 sessions.

Since 1992, CDA has actively promoted the Democratic legislative agenda and Democratic candidates for office.

Since then, congressional, state legislative and City Council districts have been drawn so as to ensure minority representation.

Since then, the department has been involved in numerous initiatives and legislative efforts, including the establishment of new state parks, new flood laws, hunter safety programs, forestry education and the general rejuvenation of Indiana's forestland.

Circle of Trust Campaign: Since its creation in 2002, Protect has led successful legislative battles to eliminate laws that award preferential treatment to criminals who sexually assault their own children.

Since the adoption of the current Illinois Constitution in 1970, the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois does not serve in any legislative capacity as Senate President, and has had its office's powers transferred to other capacities.

including control of foreign affairs, taxation ( although this cannot discriminate between states or parts of states ), and regulation of interstate commerce and corporations. Section 51 of the Australian Constitution at theamericanParliament website Since the original ratification of the constitution, the High Court of Australia has settled a number of disputes concerning the extent of the Commonwealth's legislative powers, some of which have been controversial and extensively criticised ; these included a dispute in 1982 over whether the Commonwealth was entitled to designate land for national heritage purposes under United Nations agreements, Barwick, Sir Garfield, A View of the External Affairs Power, Samuel Griffith Society as well as numerous disputes over the extent of the Commonwealth's power over trade union and industrial relations legislation. Creighton, Breen, One Hundred Years of the Conciliation and Arbitration Power: A Province Lost ?, Melbourne University Law Review

Since he possessed more power in an interdependent universe of living beings and dead spirits, the emperor had to use it for the benefit of the living.

Since the 1980s issues of power, such as those examined in Eric Wolf's Europe and the People Without History, have been central to the discipline.

Since military issues were not a government priority, Afonso established the state's administration and centralized power on himself.

Since independence the party system has been dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party ( BDP ), which has never lost power since independence.

Since the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, the term " Big Brother " has entered the lexicon as a synonym for abuse of government power, particularly in respect to civil liberties, often specifically related to mass surveillance.

Since the House of Lords no longer had the power to block the bill, the Unionist's Ulster Volunteers led by Sir Edward Carson, launched a campaign of opposition that included the threat of armed resistance in Ulster and the threat of mutiny by army officers in Ireland in 1914 ( see Curragh Incident ).

Since their coming to power in 1997, controversies affecting the Labour Government such as David Blunkett's affair with Spectator editor Kimberly Fortier and financial scandals involving senior ministers and officials shifted the focus to sleaze within the Labour Party.

Since businesses make money and money leads to political power, business will inevitably use their power to influence governments.

Since the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make law -- " legislating from the bench " is a traditional and essential function of courts, which was carried over into the U. S. system as an essential component of the " judicial power " specified by Article III of the U. S. constitution.

Since the Dictator exercised his own authority, he did not suffer this limitation, which was the cornerstone of the office's power.

Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery ( as with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil ), stacking multiple clutch discs can compensate for the lower coefficient of friction and so eliminate slippage under power when fully engaged.

Since the KMT had completed the first step of revolution through seizure of power in 1928, Chiang's rule thus began a period of what his party considered to be " political tutelage " in Sun Yat-sen's name.

Since 1978, the Communist Party has attempted to institutionalize transitions of power and consolidate its internal structure.

Since the physical behavior of singularities is unknown, if singularities can be observed from the rest of spacetime, causality may break down, and physics may lose its predictive power.

Since it would be impossible for the Bahá ' í Faith to unite the world if it were itself disunited, the role of the covenant as the guarantor of the unity of the Bahá ' í community becomes inextricably linked with the goal of world unity: " It is evident that the axis of oneness of the world of humanity is the power of the Covenant and nothing else.

Since being able to choose any resource type allows more building power, gold rivers are either marked with number token of only 2 or 3 dots and / or are far away from starting positions to offset this.

Since there was no longer the countervailing power of the papacy and since the Church of England was a creature of the state and had become subservient to it, this meant that there was nothing to regulate the powers of the king, and he became an absolute power.

Since that time monasticism has been a power among the people and not without its influence on the course of events.

Since such radiation can produce severe damage to life at powers that produce very little heating, it is considered far more dangerous ( in terms of damage-produced per unit of energy, or power ) than the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Since Sancho died unmarried and childless, all of his power passed to his brother Alfonso.

Since 2000, the Military has had a sometimes tense relationship with the Qarase government, and has strongly opposed its plans to establish a Commission with the power to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the coup.

Since 1982, two thirds of the community's power has been supplied by wind turbines, and a third by diesel generators.

Since the formation of the first Fianna Fáil government on 9 March 1932, the party has been in power for 61 of the last 79 years.