Solar-thermal monoprop thrusters are also integral to the design of a next-generation cryogenic upper stage rocket proposed by U. S. company United Launch Alliance ( ULA ).

The ACES Integrated Vehicle Fluids option eliminates all hydrazine and helium from the space vehicle — normally used for attitude control and station keeping — and depends instead on solar-thermal monoprop thrusters using waste hydrogen.

The ACES Integrated Vehicle Fluids option eliminates all hydrazine monopropellant and all helium pressurant from the space vehicle — normally used for attitude control and station keeping — and depends instead on solar-thermal monoprop thrusters using waste hydrogen.

A monopropellant rocket ( or " monoprop rocket ") is a rocket that uses a single chemical as its propellant.

* AIAA meeting paper study comparing Poodle thrusters to a chemical ( hydrogen / fluorine ) option for upper stage propulsion

So be it -- then we must embark on a crash program for 200-megaton bombs of the common or hydrogen variety, and neutron bombs, which do not exist but are said to be the coming thing.

The separate layers are joined together by hydrogen bonds.

If the Af bond is linear then there are three reasonable positions for the hydrogen atoms: ( 1 ) The hydrogen atoms are centered and hence all lie on a sheet midway between the oxygen sheets ; ;

( 3 ) hydrogen atoms are asymmetrically placed, either randomly or in an ordered way, so that some hydrogen atoms are closer to the upper oxygen atoms while others are closer to the lower oxygen atoms.

A randomization of `` ups '' and `` downs '' is more likely than ordered `` ups '' and `` downs '' in position ( 3 ) since the hydrogen atoms are well separated and so the position of one could hardly affect the position of another, and also since ordered `` up '' and `` down '' implies a larger unit cell, for which no evidence exists.

Therefore, the only unknown structural feature would appear to be whether the hydrogen atoms are located symmetrically ( 1 ) or asymmetrically ( 3 ).

If tyrosine and a system generating hydrogen peroxide are added to a cell-free homogenate of the thyroid, large quantities of free mono-iodotyrosine can be formed ( Alexander, 1959 ).

Protons and electrons bear opposite electrical charges which make them attract each other, and when they are joined they make up an atom of hydrogen -- the basic building block of matter.

Because electrical forces ( the charge-excess ) are far more powerful than gravitation, the surface hydrogen atoms would shoot away from the sphere.

Alkanes ( also known as paraffins or saturated hydrocarbons ) are chemical compounds that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are bonded exclusively by single bonds ( i. e., they are saturated compounds ) without any cycles ( or loops ; i. e., cyclic structure ).

The active ingredients are usually alcohol, chlorhexidine gluconate ,, cetylpyridinium chloride hexetidine, benzoic acid ( acts as a buffer ), methyl salicylate, benzalkonium chloride, methylparaben, hydrogen peroxide, domiphen bromide and sometimes fluoride, enzymes, and calcium.

Most acid soils are saturated with aluminium rather than hydrogen ions.

The simplest atomic orbitals are those that are calculated for systems with a single electron, such as the hydrogen atom.

Orbitals of multi-electron atoms are qualitatively similar to those of hydrogen, and in the simplest models, they are taken to have the same form.

However, the possible absence of a center of symmetry not only moves the hydrogen atom off Af, but also allows the oxygen atoms to become nonequivalent, with Af at Af and Af at Af ( space group Af ), where Af represents the oxygens on one side of the Af layers and Af those on the other side.

there is also hydrogen in wood and hydrogen in our bodies.

Elevated levels of americium were also detected at the crash site of a US B-52 bomber, which carried four hydrogen bombs, in 1968 in Greenland.

In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.

Well-funded groups like Canada's Ballard Power Systems are also working to develop a " regenerative fuel cell ", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.

Reactions with water and alcohols are also very exothermic and release hydrogen gas:

Alternate hydrogen bonding patterns, such as the wobble base pair and Hoogsteen base pair, also occur — in particular, in RNA — giving rise to complex and functional tertiary structures.

* The 21 centimeter absorption line of neutral atomic hydrogen also provides a sensitive test of cosmology

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from those in the universe ( and also the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter ) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements ( hydrogen and helium ) and also volatile neon, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system.

The first proposed catalytic cycle for the conversion of hydrogen into helium was at first simply called the carbon – nitrogen cycle ( CN cycle ), also honorarily referred to as the Bethe – Weizsäcker cycle, because it does not involve a stable isotope of oxygen.

Because they are both hydrogen-bond acceptors ( the carbonyl ) and hydrogen-bond donors ( the hydroxyl ), they also participate in hydrogen bonding.

The OH group of hydroxyproline also participates in hydrogen bonding.

The reaction also shows the production of gaseous hydrogen, chlorine and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Exhaust from a spark ignition engine consists of the following: nitrogen 70 to 75 % ( by volume ), water vapor 10 to 12 %, carbon dioxide 10 to 13. 5 %, hydrogen 0. 5 to 2 %, oxygen 0. 2 to 2 %, carbon monoxide: 0. 1 to 6 %, unburnt hydrocarbons and partial oxidation products ( e. g. aldehydes ) 0. 5 to 1 %, nitrogen monoxide 0. 01 to 0. 4 %, nitrous oxide < 100 ppm, sulfur dioxide 15 to 60 ppm, traces of other compounds such as fuel additives and lubricants, also halogen and metallic compounds, and other particles.

In thermodynamics, the term exothermic (" outside heating ") describes a process or reaction that releases energy from the system, usually in the form of heat, but also in the form of light ( e. g. a spark, flame, or explosion ), electricity ( e. g. a battery ), or sound ( e. g. burning hydrogen ).

But Fermi also participated in preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos as a consultant, and along with Stanislaw Ulam, calculated that the amount of tritium needed for Edward Teller's model of a thermonuclear weapon would be prohibitive, and a fusion reaction could not be assured to propagate even with this large quantity of tritium.

However, gas chromatography testing in 1984 revealed that sulfur-containing compounds, such as methanethiol, hydrogen sulfide ( rotten egg smell ) and dimethyl sulfide, were also < ref >

With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas could also be traced in other galaxies.

Radio telescopes can also be used to observe neutral hydrogen ( via 21 cm radiation ), including, potentially, the non-ionized matter in the early universe that later collapsed to form galaxies.

The intermolecular and intramolecular bonds which stabilize insoluble collagen rendering it insoluble must be broken, and the hydrogen bonds which stabilize the collagen helix must also be broken.

For similar reasons, and also due to the small size of helium atoms, helium's diffusion rate through solids is three times that of air and around 65 % that of hydrogen.

In 1979 the ( non relativistic ) hydrogen atom was solved for the first time within Feynman's path integral formulation

His results disproved the hypothesis of the English physicist William Prout that all atomic weights must be integral multiples of that of hydrogen.

The discrepancy between Prout's hypothesis and the known variation of some atomic weights to values far from integral multiples of hydrogen, was explained between 1913 and 1932 by the discovery of isotopes and the neutron.

This system was made up of an integral helium and hydrogen start tank, which contained the hydrogen and helium gases for starting and operating the engine.

He also discovered an alternative to Feynman's time-sliced path integral construction which can be used to solve the path integral formulations of the hydrogen atom and the centrifugal barrier, i. e. to calculate their energy levels and eigenstates, as special cases of a general strategy for treating systems with singular potentials using path integrals.

This can be seen as analogous to the Hubbard model for hydrogen chains, where conduction between unit cells can be described by a transfer integral.