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Stratospheric aerosols cool the surface and troposphere by reflecting solar radiation, warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation, and when combined with anthropogenic chlorine in the stratosphere, destroy ozone which moderates the effect of lower stratospheric warming.
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Stratospheric and aerosols
Stratospheric injection of aerosols by volcanoes is a major cause of short-term climate change.
Stratospheric and surface
METEOR-3M includes the SAGE III ( Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ) payload and other instruments designed to measure temperature and humidity profiles, clouds, surface properties, and high energy particles in the upper atmosphere.
Stratospheric and by
The Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy use airplanes to observe in the infrared, which is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere.
It has been succeeded by a Boeing 747-based airborne observatory equipped with a larger aperture telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).
* MJ Bailey, AO ' Neill, VD Pope, 1993 Stratospheric Analyses Produced by the United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Journal of Applied Meteorology vol.
Stratospheric and stratosphere
Since 1979 the Stratospheric sounding units ( SSUs ) on the NOAA operational satellites provided near global stratospheric temperature data above the lower stratosphere.
Stratospheric and with
File: Polar Stratospheric Cloud veil type I. jpg | A veil of type I PSC, easily confused with cirrostratus clouds or tropospheric haze
Stratospheric and ozone
* Stratospheric ozone, myths and realities: Testimony of S. Fred Singer, Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Policies and Mandates: Case Study 1 — Stratospheric Ozone: Myths and Realities, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Science, US House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1st Sess., September 20, 1995 31 ( Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996 ).
* Stratospheric ozone: an electronic textbook
* Stratospheric ozone response to increasing greenhouse gases
Stratospheric and which
Eureka, which is the second northernmost settlement in the world, consists of three areas, " Eureka Aerodrome " which includes " Fort Eureka " ( the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment ), the Environment Canada Weather Station and the Polar Environmental Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( PEARL ), formally the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone ( AStrO ) Observatory.
As of 2011, the engineers are working on the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera ( HAWC ), which will be an integral part of Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).
The base consists of three areas, the Eureka Aerodrome which includes " Fort Eureka " ( the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment ), the Environment Canada Weather Station, and the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( PEARL ), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory ( AStrO ).
Becklin is Chief Scientist for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ), which is a 2. 7m infrared telescope installed in a modified Boeing 747-SP.
The AMSU was an improvement of the Microwave Sounding Unit ( MSU ), incorporating capabilities of the Stratospheric Sounding Unit ( SSU ), both of which had flown on TIROS-N in 1978 and continued on the NOAA-6 through NOAA-14 satellites.
Stratospheric and .
“ The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem ”, in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh ( eds.
“ The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone ”, in P. Wexler et al.
* Downie, David ( 2013 ) “ Stratospheric Ozone Depletion .” The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics.
" Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone.
The organisation is mission center for several key current missions ( Kepler Mission, the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) mission, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA )) and a major contributor to the '" new exploration focus '" as a participant in the Orion crew exploration vehicle and Ares I crew launch vehicle projects.
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ) is a joint venture of the U. S. and German aerospace agencies, NASA and the DLR to make an infrared telescope platform that can fly at altitudes high enough to be in the infrared-transparent regime above the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.
Another data source is satellite measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ( SAGE ) program.
* Excelsior III free-fall from a Stratospheric Balloon, Details of the highest parachute jump ever.
He is currently Director of the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development and co-chair of the International Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone.
" Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations " Review of Geophysics Vol.
* Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ), a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) for an airborne telescope.
Current observational experiments in the infrared include NICMOS, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Keck Interferometer, the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, and the Herschel Space Observatory.
* Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989.
aerosols and surface
In later chapters, I will show how this increase could lead to a 1 ° Celsius ( 1. 8 ° Fahrenheit ) average warming of the earth's surface ... Another form of atmospheric pollution results from ... atmospheric aerosols ... there is some evidence that atmospheric aerosols may have already affected the climate.
Also lacking stomata and a cuticle, lichens may absorb aerosols and gases over the entire thallus surface from which they may readily diffuse to the photobiont layer.
In it, " Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns " were related to " changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols " leading to the conclusion that " each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century.
In the real world this happens continuously as sunlight hits the surface, clouds and aerosols form, the concentrations of atmospheric gases vary, and seasons alter the ground cover.
Furthermore it will search for minor atmospheric constituents that may be present, but have not yet been detected, analyze atmospheric aerosols, and investigate surface to atmosphere exchange processes.
SPL focuses on research activities in disciplines such as surface boundary level physics, atmospheric aerosols, chemistry of radiation, atmospheric dynamics, etc.
A Nuclear summer is a hypothetical scenario resulting from nuclear warfare that would follow a nuclear winter, caused by aerosols inserted into the atmosphere that would prevent sunlight from reaching lower levels or the surface.
In this scenario, following the settling out of most of the aerosols in 1 – 3 years, the cooling effect would be overcome by a heating effect from greenhouse warming, which would raise surface temperatures rapidly by many degrees, enough to cause the death of much if not most of the life that had survived the cooling, much of which is more vulnerable to higher-than-normal temperatures than to lower-than-normal temperatures.
aerosols and troposphere
SCIAMACHY is an image spectrometer with the principal objective of mapping the concentration of trace gases and aerosols in the troposphere and stratosphere.
say "... recent experiments indicate that for changes in absorbing aerosols and ozone, the predictive ability of radiative forcing is much worse ... we propose an alternative, the ' adjusted troposphere and stratosphere forcing '.
Ash and aerosols in the troposphere are quickly removed by rain and other precipitation, but material injected into the stratosphere is much more slowly dispersed, in the absence of weather systems.
SAGE III is a gyrating spectrometer that measures ultraviolet / visible energy that will be used to enhance our understanding of natural and human-derived atmospheric processes by providing accurate long-term measurements of the vertical structure of aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.
aerosols and by
Some agents have been shown to be much more toxic or infectious to experimental animals when exposed to aerosols of optimum particle size than by the natural portal.
However, this cost may be overwhelmed by the short term benefit of higher infectiousness if transmission is linked to virulence, as it is for instance in the case of cholera ( the explosive diarrhea aids the bacterium in finding new hosts ) or many respiratory infections ( sneezing and coughing create infectious aerosols ).
Different muralists tend to become experts in their preferred medium and application, whether that be oil paints, emulsion or acrylic paints applied by brush, roller or airbrush / aerosols.
Shortly afterwards, Schneider became aware that he had overestimated the cooling effect of aerosols, and underestimated the warming effect of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > by a factor of about three.
He also found that much of the effect was due to natural aerosols which would not be affected by human activities, so the cooling effect of changes in industrial pollution would be much less than he had calculated.
Most recent simulations show " plausible " agreement with the measured temperature anomalies over the past 150 years when forced by natural forcings alone, but better agreement is achieved when observed changes in greenhouse gases and aerosols are also included.
The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.
* Aircraft operating at high altitudes near the tropopause ( mainly large jet airliners ) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can increase cirrus cloud formation — cloud cover may have increased by up to 0. 2 % since the birth of aviation.
Its sensors detect light from a star traversing the Earth's atmosphere and measures the depletion of that light by trace gases nitrogen dioxide (), nitrogen trioxide, (), ), ozone () and aerosols present between about altitude.
It helps by decreasing the temperature level during manufacture and laying of asphalt concrete, resulting in lower consumption of fossil fuels, thus releasing less carbon dioxide, aerosols, and vapours.
After release, isoprene is converted by free radicals ( like the hydroxyl ( OH ) radical ) and to a lesser extent by ozone into various species, such as aldehydes, hydroperoxides, organic nitrates, and epoxides, which mix into water droplets and help create aerosols and haze.
* Science News article describing how isoprene released by plants is converted to light-scattering aerosols
Solar aureole cameras measured how scattering by aerosols varies the intensity directly around the Sun.
fractions of the light are scattered by aerosols.
It is transmitted to humans causing Q fever by inhalation of aerosols of these materials.
By the late 1960s, half of all the antiperspirants sold in the U. S. were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82 % by the early 1970s.
In the absence of mountains, the aerosols in the eastern portion of the sky can be illuminated in the same way by the remaining red scattered light straddling the border of the Earth's own shadow ( the terminator ).
Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action.
These sulfate aerosols form partly from the dimethyl sulfide ( DMS ) produced by phytoplankton in the open ocean.
On clear nights, some of this light is then scattered in the atmosphere by molecules and aerosols back toward the ground, causing skyglow.
Rayleigh scattering is much stronger for short-wavelength ( blue ) light, while scattering from aerosols is little affected by wavelength.
In 1948, three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to manufacture aerosols.
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