Stratospheric aerosols cool the surface and troposphere by reflecting solar radiation, warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation, and when combined with anthropogenic chlorine in the stratosphere, destroy ozone which moderates the effect of lower stratospheric warming.

The Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy use airplanes to observe in the infrared, which is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere.

It has been succeeded by a Boeing 747-based airborne observatory equipped with a larger aperture telescope, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ).

* MJ Bailey, AO ' Neill, VD Pope, 1993 Stratospheric Analyses Produced by the United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Journal of Applied Meteorology vol.

The organisation is mission center for several key current missions ( Kepler Mission, the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) mission, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA )) and a major contributor to the '" new exploration focus '" as a participant in the Orion crew exploration vehicle and Ares I crew launch vehicle projects.

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ) is a joint venture of the U. S. and German aerospace agencies, NASA and the DLR to make an infrared telescope platform that can fly at altitudes high enough to be in the infrared-transparent regime above the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.

Another data source is satellite measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ( SAGE ) program.

He is currently Director of the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development and co-chair of the International Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone.

Eureka, which is the second northernmost settlement in the world, consists of three areas, " Eureka Aerodrome " which includes " Fort Eureka " ( the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment ), the Environment Canada Weather Station and the Polar Environmental Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( PEARL ), formally the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone ( AStrO ) Observatory.

Becklin is Chief Scientist for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ), which is a 2. 7m infrared telescope installed in a modified Boeing 747-SP.

He lists his main research interests as “ Stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry, and their role in the biogeochemical cycles and climate ”.

* Stratospheric ozone, myths and realities: Testimony of S. Fred Singer, Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Policies and Mandates: Case Study 1 — Stratospheric Ozone: Myths and Realities, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Science, US House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1st Sess., September 20, 1995 31 ( Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996 ).

“ The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem ”, in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh ( eds.

“ The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone ”, in P. Wexler et al.

* Downie, David ( 2013 ) “ Stratospheric Ozone Depletion .” The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics.

" Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone.

Since 1979 the Stratospheric sounding units ( SSUs ) on the NOAA operational satellites provided near global stratospheric temperature data above the lower stratosphere.

* Excelsior III free-fall from a Stratospheric Balloon, Details of the highest parachute jump ever.

" Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations " Review of Geophysics Vol.

* Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ), a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) for an airborne telescope.

Current observational experiments in the infrared include NICMOS, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Keck Interferometer, the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, and the Herschel Space Observatory.

* Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989.

File: Polar Stratospheric Cloud veil type I. jpg | A veil of type I PSC, easily confused with cirrostratus clouds or tropospheric haze

Aerosols are generated for a variety of purposes including: as test aerosols for calibrating instruments, performing research and testing sampling equipments and air filters ; to deliver consumer products like deodorants, paints and pesticides ; agricultural applications for appliciation of pesticides ; in medicine for treatment of respiratory diseases and in fuel injection systems.

Long-term cooling effects are primarily dependent upon injection of sulfide compounds in aerosol forms into the upper atmosphere — the stratosphere — the highest, least active levels of the lower atmosphere where little precipitation occurs, requiring a lengthy time to wash the aerosols out of the region.

Gas injection through a porous anode ( transpiration cooling ) not only feeds back the energy transferred to the anode by the above mentioned processes, but also modifies the conditions in the arc itself.

Peanut and sesame oils often are used as carriers or diluents for medicines administered by injection.

Exogenous antigens are antigens that have entered the body from the outside, for example by inhalation, ingestion, or injection.

As Governor, he oversaw four executions: one by electric chair and three by lethal injection.

A large injection of external investment from both private and public sources has alleviated the economic difficulties of the early 1990s caused by global recession and persistently low commodity prices ( although the latter continues to affect the economy ).

The cells are allowed to grow in the laboratory before being returned to the patient by injection into a vein.

Identified possible problems are the many ' leak ' opportunities provided by old oil wells, the need for high injection pressures and acidification which can damage the geological barrier.

Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand ( sometimes including a rotation process called " throwing "), slip casting, tape casting ( used for making very thin ceramic capacitors, e. g. ), injection molding, dry pressing, and other variations.

This was thought to be due to synchrotron radiation, caused by the injection of relativistic electronselectrons with velocities near the speed of lightinto the Jovian magnetosphere by the impacts.

Electrochemotherapy is the combined treatment in which injection of a chemotherapeutic drug is followed by application of high-voltage electric pulses locally to the tumor.

* 1982 – In Texas, Charles Brooks, Jr. becomes the first person to be executed by lethal injection in the United States.

The Cummins Common Rail injection system was further developed by the ETH Zurich from 1976 to 1992.

Feltenstein came to see him three times that day, administering the steroid ACTH by injection and, on his third visit, half a grain of morphine sulphate, which affected his breathing.

The term " euthanasia " is usually confined to the active variety ; the University of Washington website states that " euthanasia generally means that the physician would act directly, for instance by giving a lethal injection, to end the patient's life ".

It is possible to deliver anaesthesia solely by inhalation or injection, but most commonly the two forms are combined, with an injection given to induce anaesthesia and a gas used to maintain it.

In more severe circumstances it is treated by injection or infusion of glucagon.

Additionally, many free to use and even paid for WLAN networks do packet injection for serving their own ads on webpages or just for pranks, however this can be exploited maliciously e. g. by injecting malware and spying on users.

In a similar way to aluminium salts, indium ( III ) ions can be toxic to the kidney when given by injection, but oral indium compounds do not have the chronic toxicity of salts of heavy metals, probably due to poor absorption in basic conditions.

The low-pressure direct gasoline injection developed by R Sarich was tested by Ford in an automobile size 2-stroke engine, and in 2012, Orbital won a contract by the Australia government for a two-stroke, direct injection engine for airborne drones.