Since 1979 the Stratospheric sounding units ( SSUs ) on the NOAA operational satellites provided near global stratospheric temperature data above the lower stratosphere.

METEOR-3M includes the SAGE III ( Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ) payload and other instruments designed to measure temperature and humidity profiles, clouds, surface properties, and high energy particles in the upper atmosphere.

* Stratospheric ozone, myths and realities: Testimony of S. Fred Singer, Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Policies and Mandates: Case Study 1 — Stratospheric Ozone: Myths and Realities, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Science, US House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1st Sess., September 20, 1995 31 ( Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1996 ).

“ The Power to Destroy: Understanding Stratospheric Ozone Politics as a Common Pool Resource Problem ”, in J. Barkin and G. Shambaugh ( eds.

“ The Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Global Policy to Protect Stratospheric Ozone ”, in P. Wexler et al.

* Downie, David ( 2013 ) “ Stratospheric Ozone Depletion .” The Routledge Handbook of Global Environmental Politics.

" Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atomic Catalyzed Destruction of Ozone.

The organisation is mission center for several key current missions ( Kepler Mission, the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) mission, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA )) and a major contributor to the '" new exploration focus '" as a participant in the Orion crew exploration vehicle and Ares I crew launch vehicle projects.

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ) is a joint venture of the U. S. and German aerospace agencies, NASA and the DLR to make an infrared telescope platform that can fly at altitudes high enough to be in the infrared-transparent regime above the water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.

Another data source is satellite measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ( SAGE ) program.

* Excelsior III free-fall from a Stratospheric Balloon, Details of the highest parachute jump ever.

The Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy use airplanes to observe in the infrared, which is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere.

He is currently Director of the International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development and co-chair of the International Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone.

Eureka, which is the second northernmost settlement in the world, consists of three areas, " Eureka Aerodrome " which includes " Fort Eureka " ( the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment ), the Environment Canada Weather Station and the Polar Environmental Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( PEARL ), formally the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone ( AStrO ) Observatory.

* Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy ( SOFIA ), a joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) for an airborne telescope.

Stratospheric aerosols cool the surface and troposphere by reflecting solar radiation, warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation, and when combined with anthropogenic chlorine in the stratosphere, destroy ozone which moderates the effect of lower stratospheric warming.

Current observational experiments in the infrared include NICMOS, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Keck Interferometer, the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy, and the Herschel Space Observatory.

* Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1989.

File: Polar Stratospheric Cloud veil type I. jpg | A veil of type I PSC, easily confused with cirrostratus clouds or tropospheric haze

In 2007 he collaborated on a study that found tropospheric temperature trends of " Climate of the 20th Century " models differed from satellite observations by twice the model mean uncertainty.

" He argued that the incident exposed a flawed process, and that the temperature trends were heading downwards even as greenhouse gases like CO < sub > 2 </ sub > were increasing in the atmosphere.

* Sea temperature and salinity trends

* Computer climate models have predicted 20th century temperature trends accurately.

* Douglass, D. H., B. D. Pearson, and S. F. Singer ( 2004 ), Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends: Climate models versus observation, Geophys.

* Douglass, D. H., B. D. Pearson, S. F. Singer, P. C. Knappenberger, and P. J. Michaels ( 2004 ), Disparity of tropospheric and surface temperature trends: New evidence, Geophys.

Despite concerns raised about its possible contribution to global warming, comparisons between urban and rural areas show that the urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.

" The IPCC Third Assessment Report from 2001 summarised research at that time, saying "… current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time frame, and the conventional terms of ' Little Ice Age ' and ' Medieval Warm Period ' appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries ".

A 2010 study found that, as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century, the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia, compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred.

Figure 1 shows the trends which density and temperature follow through the chromosphere.

In 2011, on a global scale, La Niña events helped keep the average global temperature below recent trends.

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report found that the instrumental temperature record for the past century included urban heat island effects but that these were primarily local, having a negligible influence on global temperature trends ( less than 0. 006 ° C per decade over land and zero over the oceans ).

The methods used to derive the principal estimates of global surface temperature trends — HadCRUT3, NOA A, and NASA / GISS — are largely independent.

Independently derived estimates of tropospheric temperature trends for the whole troposphere channel from satellites differ by an order of magnitude more than do estimated surface temperature trends.

Another example is the examination of temperature trends that are accompanied with the growth of urban centers.

By minimizing these abnormal temperature trends and others, ecological activity would likely be improved in the urban setting.

He is well known as one of the originators of a graph of temperature trends over the last thousand years, called the " hockey stick graph " because of its shape.

These higher temperature trends have been attributed by some researchers to global warming.

and says Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this timeframe, and the conventional terms of " Little Ice Age " and " Medieval Warm Period " appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.

Also it includes his reasoning to why urbanization has not systematically exaggerated the observed global warming trends in minimum temperature.

Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study.

* 1665 – Boyle theorizes a minimum temperature in New Experiments and Observations touching Cold.

Observations are difficult due to the small amplitude of the effect and to confusion with experimental error and other sources of CMB temperature fluctuations.

Observations with this instrument provided valuable information about the chemical composition, density and temperature of the universe.

* Indianapolis, Indiana, 3 July 2011: Observations around 1: 30 am EDT in the area indicated the temperature rose and the dew point dropped nearly in a less than an hour, causing the relative humidity to drop nearly 40-50 %.