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Structure and rheology of aqueous gels.
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Structure and .
Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought.
Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century.
Paths Not Taken: The Development, Structure, and Aesthetics of the Alternative History.
Bohr and Mottelson continued to work together, publishing a two-volume monograph, Nuclear Structure.
* 1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " describing the double helix structure of DNA.
In 1995, the American Welding Society presented the Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland.
* Structure — bones provide a frame to keep the body supported.
* Gow, Murray D. The Book of Ruth: Its Structure, Theme and Purpose.
The Structure of the Book of Ruth.
* BS 0 A standard for standards specifies Development, Structure and Drafting of British Standards themselves.
In 1996, Lomborg's paper, " Nucleus and Shield: Evolution of Social Structure in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma ", was published in the academic journal, American Sociological Review.
* Sanders, J. V., Structure of Opal, Nature, Vol.
The Categorial Structure of the World.
The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) approved an Extended Structure Adjustment Facility in 1998.
Structure in this type of wall is complex and as yet is not fully investigated.
* Lloyd, G. E. R. Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His Thought.
Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual.
rheology and .
Researchers in the field seek to apply the results of many sciences, including cryobiology, cryogenics, rheology, emergency medicine, etc.
rheology ) is the Greek word for " to stream, and to the etymology of Rhea according to Plato's Cratylus.
( In rheology, this is called the relaxation time.
:* Some practitioners consider rheology a sub-field of materials science, because it can cover any material that flows.
However, modern rheology typically deals with non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, so it is often considered a sub-field of continuum mechanics.
The term rheology was coined by Eugene C. Bingham, a professor at Lafayette College, in 1920, from a suggestion by a colleague, Markus Reiner.
The experimental characterization of a material's rheological behaviour is known as rheometry, although the term rheology is frequently used synonymously with rheometry, particularly by experimentalists.
Theoretical aspects of rheology are the relation of the flow / deformation behaviour of material and its internal structure ( e. g., the orientation and elongation of polymer molecules ), and the flow / deformation behaviour of materials that cannot be described by classical fluid mechanics or elasticity.
In practice, rheology is principally concerned with extending continuum mechanics to characterize flow of materials, that exhibits a combination of elastic, viscous and plastic behaviour by properly combining elasticity and ( Newtonian ) fluid mechanics.
Much of theoretical rheology is concerned with associating external forces and torques with internal stresses and internal strain gradients and velocities.
Granular rheology refers to the continuum mechanical description of granular materials.
One of the major tasks of rheology is to empirically establish the relationships between deformations and stresses, respectively their derivatives by adequate measurements, although a number of theoretical developments ( such as assuring frame invariants ) are also required before using the empirical data.
The study of extensional flows is called extensional rheology.
The science of rheology and the characterization of viscoelastic properties in the production and use of polymeric materials has been critical for the production of many products for use in both the industrial and military sectors.
Food rheology is important in the manufacture and processing of food products, e. g. cheese.
Food rheology is the study of the rheological properties of food, that is, the consistency and flow of food under tightly specified conditions.
Food rheology is important in quality control during food manufacture and processing.
However, since rheology is concerned with fluids which do not have a fixed viscosity, but one which can vary with flow and time, calculation of the Reynolds number can be complicated.
In rheology, an acoustic rheometer relies on the principle of ultrasound.
* Ultrasound attenuation can be used for extensional rheology measurement.
aqueous and gels
Polyelectrolytes have many applications, mostly related to modifying flow and stability properties of aqueous solutions and gels.
aqueous and .
Douglass prepared his sample of Af by thermal decomposition of aqueous chromic acid at 300 - 325-degrees-C.
500 ml of 1M aqueous Af with 1 Af added are heated in a bomb at 170-degrees-C for 48 hours.
Wet cleaning involves an aqueous medium, a solid substrate, soil to be removed, and the detergent or surface-active material.
( 3 ) For anionics, these micelles appear to be roughly spherical assemblages in which the hydrocarbon tails come together so that the polar groups ( the ionized ends ) face outward towards the aqueous continuous phase.
Obviously hydrophobic ( oleophilic ) substances such as greases, oils, or particles having a greasy or oily surface are more at home in the center of a micelle than in the aqueous phase.
Related to micelle formation is the technologically important ability of detergent actives to congregate at oil - water interfaces in such a manner that the polar ( or ionized ) end of the molecule is directed towards the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon chain towards the oily phase.
Then during washing, the greasy soil rolls back at the edges so that emulsified droplets can disengage themselves from the sorbed oil mass, with the aid of mechanical action, and enter the aqueous phase.
Substances other than detergent actives also tend to be strongly sorbed from aqueous media onto surfaces of other contiguous condensed phases.
Thus, for aqueous media, we can think of the idealized organic active as an oleophilic or hydrophobic surface-active agent, and of an idealized builder as a oleophobic or hydrophilic surface-active agent.
The negatively charged dirt particles then leave the surface and go into the aqueous phase.
Following reaction the cells were scratched with a file and opened under a 20% aqueous sodium iodide solution.
Carrier Af was added and the aqueous and organic phases were separated ( cells containing gaseous reactants were immersed in liquid air before opening under sodium iodide ).
After titration of the liberated Af with Af, aliquots of the aqueous and of the organic phase were counted in a solution-type Geiger tube.
An aqueous suspension of the spores of B. subtilis, var. niger, generally known as Bacillus globigii, was aerosolized using commercially available nozzles.
Most acids encountered in everyday life are aqueous solutions, or can be dissolved in water, and these two definitions are most relevant.
In aqueous solution HCl behaves as hydrochloric acid and exists as hydronium and chloride ions.
In the IUPAC naming system, " aqueous " is simply added to the name of the ionic compound.
Thus, for hydrogen chloride, the IUPAC name would be aqueous hydrogen chloride.
After cyclotron irradiation, the coating was dissolved with nitric acid, and then precipitated as the hydroxide using concentrated aqueous ammonia solution.
Inorganic qualitative analysis generally refers to a systematic scheme to confirm the presence of certain, usually aqueous, ions or elements by performing a series of reactions that eliminate ranges of possibilities and then confirms suspected ions with a confirming test.
Hydride generation occurs by adding an acidified aqueous solution of the sample to a 1 % aqueous solution of sodium borohydride, all of which is contained in a glass vessel.
* Alkalis are normally water soluble, although some like barium carbonate are only soluble when reacting with an acidic aqueous solution.
As defined by Arrhenius, acid – base reactions are characterized by Arrhenius acids, which dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (), and Arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide () ions.
The Arrhenius definition can be summarised as " Arrhenius acids form hydrogen ions in aqueous solution with Arrhenius bases forming hydroxide ions.
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