When the Mongol Empire's troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria, Mamluk Emir Baibars (, Circassian: Bipars, a common Circassian name which means the frontier defending warrior ) left Damascus for Cairo where he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.

Upon receiving news of Hulagu's departure, Mamluk Sultan Qutuz quickly assembled a large army at Cairo and invaded Palestine.

The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz at that time allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who wanted to defend Islam after the Mongols captured Damascus and most of Bilad al-Sham.

When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed the Jordan River, Sultan Qutuz and his forces then proceeded southeast toward the spring at Ain Jalut in the Jezreel Valley.

Approximately 800, 000 bezants were paid in ransom for King Louis who, along with thousands of his troops, was captured and defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah supported by the Bahariyya Mamluks led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak and Qalawun.

Baibars, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz on the way home.

In Egypt it is believed that Sultan Qutuz killed him.

Qutuz led the Mu ' izi Mamluks who arrested Aybak's widow Shajar al-Durr and installed al-Mansur Ali as the new Sultan of Egypt.

The emirs assembled at the court of the 15-year-old Sultan Al-Mansur Ali and Qutuz told them that because of the seriousness of the situation, Egypt should have a strong and a capable Sultan who could fight the Mongols.

Baibars and the Mamluks then left Syria, travelling to Egypt where they were warmly welcomed by Sultan Qutuz, who granted Baibars the town of Qalyub.

Sultan Qutuz ordered the seizing of the an-Nasir Yusuf's jewelry and money, which were sent to Egypt with his wife and servants.

Muslim historians from the Mamluk era stated that Baibars wanted to avenge the killing of his friend and leader of the Bahariyya Faris ad-Din Aktai during Sultan Aybak's reign or because Qutuz granted Aleppo to al-Malik al-Said Ala ' a ad-Din the Emir of Mosul, instead of to him as he had promised him before the battle of Ain Jalut.

An attempt to reuse an old Fatwa which was issued during the reign of Sultan Qutuz and which obliged each Egyptian to pay one Dinar to support the army failed thus it was decided that the people should pay by free will and not by law.

* 1218 – Al-Kamil becomes Sultan of Egypt, Syria and northern Mesopotamia on the death of his father Al-Adil.

Andrew in the Holy Land ( After he defeated Sultan of Egypt )

The well-mounted army defeated sultan Al-Adil I ( Sultan of Egypt ) in Bethsaida at Jordan River on 10 November.

Saladin, who was set up as Vizier of Egypt, was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph.

In 1187, Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria who led the Muslim Ayyubids, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders.

Bonaparte believed that by establishing a permanent presence in Egypt ( nominally part of the neutral Ottoman Empire ) the French would obtain a staging point for future operations against British India, possibly in conjunction with the anglophobic Tippoo Sultan of Seringapatam, that might successfully drive the British out of the war.

As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad.

Ruling from Constantinople, Sultan Selim I relegated Egypt to a mere province, with Cairo as its capital.

It is thus possible to speak of Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr. as an expert in the common law fiqh of the United States, or of Farouk Sultan as an expert in the civil law fiqh of Egypt.

In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the Sultan.

In the end, Nur ad-Din was victorious and Saladin established himself as Sultan of Egypt.

He proclaimed himself Sultan of Egypt and Syria, entrusting Damascus to al-Mu ' azzam and al-Jazira to his other son al-Kamil.

Mongols simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, Great Khans of Mongolia and one Mongol even became Sultan of Egypt ( Al-Adil Kitbugha ).

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سه ‌ لاحه ‌ دین ئه ‌ یوبی, Selah ' edînê Eyubî ) ( 1137 / 1138 – March 4, 1193 ), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty .< ref name =" Minorsky "> A number of contemporary sources make note of this.

" The Abbasid caliph in Baghdad graciously welcomed Saladin's assumption of power and declared him " Sultan of Egypt and Syria.

He was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Badlay who sent envoys to the Sultan of Mamluk Egypt to gather support and arms in the continuing war against the Christian empire.

The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517, when the Ottoman Sultan, Selim the Grim, defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al-Raydaniyya, and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

In Villani's story's Emperor Kassan of the Tartars thus defeated the Sultan of Egypt in 1299.

* Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt

* Sultan Fuad I of Egypt

* 1291 — Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem ( the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades ).

When that claimant became Sultan, he kept hold of Gwadar, installing a governor, who eventually led an army to conquer the city of Chabahar some 200 kilometres to the west.

Yet Ibrahim eventually fell from grace with the Sultan.

* Sultan Kamil, Saladin's son and successor, offers Jerusalem to the Crusaders in return for Damietta, which the Crusaders eventually give up in exchange for a safe retreat from the Nile Delta.

After the death of Saladin, his sons contested control over the sultanate, but Saladin's brother al-Adil eventually established himself as Sultan in 1200.

However, eventually, signs were showing this policy game coming to an end and on May 13, 1908, the leadership of the CUP, with the scale of its organization, having had increased their power to such a point, were able to say to the Sultan that the ' Dynasty will be in danger ', if he were not to bring back the constitution.

Sayid Abubakar eventually inherited the rule of Rajah Baguinda, established the Sultanate and became the first Sultan of Sulu.

A nighttime attack by Sultan Al-Kamil resulted in a great number of crusader losses, and eventually in the surrender of the army.

Ismail Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Naples, but was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his Palace of Emirgan on the Bosporus in Constantinople.

The dethroned Sultan attempted to regain the Caliphate by putting an end to the secular policies of the Young Turks, but was in turn driven away to exile in Selanik by the 31 March Incident and was eventually replaced by his brother Mehmed V Reşad.

Viewed as too much of a threat, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.

Diu Fort eventually built in 1535 after a defense alliance was sealed between the Portuguese and Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat | Bahadur Shah by the Treaty of Bassein ( 1534 ), when Mughal Emperor Humayun waged war to annex the territory.

Conklin is uninterested in returning to boxing to face Roper, though he is eventually coaxed through ego-stroking by the Sultan and a promise of $ 10 million to help his quest in eradicating homelessness.

This development of a term meaning " Power " or " Authority " to be eventually the title of the person holding such power is parallel to the development of the Islamic term " Sultan ".

The siege eventually escalated into a major battle, during which Hunyadi led a sudden counterattack that overran the Ottoman camp, ultimately compelling the wounded Sultan Mehmed II to lift the siege and retreat.

This was the last of the great modifications to the fortress until 1521 when Sultan Süleyman eventually captured it.

In addition to Becker, the " Vera Menchik Club " eventually included Conel Hugh O ' Donel Alexander, Abraham Baratz, Eero Böök, Edgard Colle, Max Euwe, Harry Golombek, Mir Sultan Khan, Frederic Lazard, Jacques Mieses, Philip Stuart Milner-Barry, Karel Opočenský, Brian Reilly, Samuel Reshevsky, Friedrich Sämisch, Lajos Steiner, George Alan Thomas, William Winter, and Frederick Yates.

Seeing the demoralization caused among the defenders by Longo's retreat, Sultan Mehmed II ordered a renewed assault that eventually defeated the Byzantines and Constantinople was taken by the Turks.

Though the League was founded with the support of the Sultan who hoped for the preservation of Ottoman territories, the Albanian leaders were quick and effective enough to turn it into a national organization and eventually into a government.

It was eventually defeated in the early 1970s by the new Sultan of Oman, Qaboos, backed by British and Iranian forces.

He was indeed eventually released, and rose to became Sultan of all Egypt.

The Sultan was alarmed by the boy's intelligence, fearing that the boy might gain popularity among the Sultan's subjects, and eventually overthrow him.

Shakhbut was the ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi until August 6, 1966 when he was deposed in a bloodless coup by his brother Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who became the emir of Abu Dhabi, and eventually rose to become the undisputed leader of the United Arab Emirates. After which he went away to Lebanon 10-15 years later he was allowed back in U. A. E by his Brother H. H. Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahiyan

The insurgency erupted again in 1957, when Saudi Arabia began supporting the Ibadi rebels, but eventually the Sultan was able to establish pre-eminence over most of the inland.