The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry ’ s image and help mediate labor disputes.

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as " a motivational state with the goal of increasing another ’ s welfare ".

Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one ’ s own welfare.

One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, " motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one ’ s own life and existence ".

Another way is merely " one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people ’ s business.

* David Firestone-When Romney ’ s Reach Exceeds His Grasp-Mitt Romney quotes the song

" Swift extends the metaphor to get in a few jibes at England ’ s mistreatment of Ireland, noting that " For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.

George Wittkowsky argued that Swift ’ s main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.

In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.

Critics differ about Swift ’ s intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy.

Charles K. Smith argues that Swift ’ s rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish.

Swift ’ s specific strategy is twofold, using a " trap " to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, " details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty " but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.

Swift ’ s use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator ’ s cool approach towards them create " two opposing points of view " that " alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with ' melancholy ' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way.

Once the children have been commodified, Swift ’ s rhetoric can easily turn " people into animals, then meat, and from meat, logically, into tonnage worth a price per pound ".

Swift uses the proposer ’ s serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal.

In making his argument, the speaker uses the conventional, text book approved order of argument from Swift ’ s time ( which was derived from the Latin rhetorician Quintilian ).

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

Johnson notes Swift ’ s obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology.

He reminds readers that " there is a gap between the narrator ’ s meaning and the text ’ s, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody ".

With the critical and commercial success in the United States of such memoirs as Angela ’ s Ashes and The Color of Water, however, more and more people have been encouraged to try their hand at this genre.

Please see bibliography for some of the many critical evaluations of her opus of children ’ s literature, including Modernist interpretations of Humphrey Carpenter and Katherine Chandler.

( p. 238 ) “ Do you see now why it feels so good to be a critical mind ?” asks Latour: no matter which position you take, “ You ’ re always right !” ( p. 238-239 )

Under client – server, should a critical server fail, clients ’ requests cannot be fulfilled by this failed entity, but may be taken by another parallel server which has access to the same data as the failed entity.

Dune traces the rise of Paul Muad ’ Dib, a young nobleman in an interstellar feudal empire who takes control of the single critical resource in the universe — the lifespan-enhancing, consciousness-expanding drug spice melange.

As such, critical theory was left, in Jürgen Habermas ’ words, without " anything in reserve to which it might appeal ; and when the forces of production enter into a baneful symbiosis with the relations of production that they were supposed to blow wide open, there is no longer any dynamism upon which critique could base its hope.

Postmodern critical research is also characterized by what is called, the crisis of representation, which rejects the idea that a researcher ’ s work is considered an “ objective depiction of a stable other ” ( Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p. 53 ).

Ultimately, His ’ critical work in embryonic development comes with his production of a series of embryo drawings of increasing length and degree of development.

Later critics of the Baroque, such as Francesco Milizia and the English architect Sir John Soane, were particularly critical of Borromini ’ s work.

Active participation is critical to the motor learning and recovery process, therefore it ’ s important to keep these individuals motivated so they can make continual improvements.

Strong institutions are critical in ensuring country ’ s competitiveness, economic resilience and stability.

A critical role for the ER in calcium signaling was acknowledged before such a role for the mitochondria was widely accepted, in part because the low affinity of Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > channels localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane seemed to fly in the face of this organelle ’ s purported responsiveness to changes in intracellular Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > flux.

According to Stephen Suleyman Schwartz, in his book " The Two Faces of Islam ", “ some say that during this vagabondage Ibn Abdul Wahhab came into contact with certain Englishmen who encouraged him to personal ambition as well as to a critical attitude about Islam .” Specifically, Mir ’ at al Harramin, a Turkish work by Ayyub Sabri Pasha, written in 1888, states that in Basra, Abdul Wahhab had come into contact with a British spy by the name of Hempher, who “ inspired in him the tricks and lies that he had learned from the British Ministry of the Commonwealth .”

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

Larry Benson argued that the interpretation of Beowulf as an entirely formulaic work diminishes the ability of the reader to analyze the poem in a unified manner, and with due attention to the poet ’ s creativity.

Both Matthew and Luke record a tradition of Jesus ’ interpretation of the story of Jonah ( notably, Matthew includes two very similar traditions in chapters 12 and 16 ).

As with most Old Testament interpretations found in the New Testament, Jesus ’ interpretation is primarily “ typological ” ( see Typology ( theology )).

For an atemporal interpretation that “ makes no attempt to give a ‘ local ’ account on the level of determinate particles ”, the conjugate wavefunction, (" advanced " or time-reversed ) of the relativistic version of the wavefunction, and the so-called " retarded " or time-forward version are both regarded as real and the transactional interpretation results.

The writings always have the central message of the bible ; Cyril doesn ’ t try to add his own beliefs in reference to religious interpretation and remains grounded in true biblical teachings.

The earliest allusion to pandeism found to date is in 1787, in translator Gottfried Große ’ s interpretation of Pliny the Elder ’ s Natural History:

Similarities can be seen along the first two rows ; the appearance of specialized characters in each species can be seen in the columns and a diagonal interpretation leads one to Haeckel ’ s idea of recapitulation.

Pappas ' interpretation of Berkeley's ‘ esse is percipi ’ thesis has sparked much discussion.

Pappas developed his treatment of Berkeley ’ s “ esse est percipi ” principle to repudiate the " inherence interpretation of Berkeley ", upon which Edwin E. Allaire, among others, elaborated

Hildegard of Bingen ’ s songs are left open for rhythmic interpretation because of the use of neumes without a staff.

Hildegard ’ s participation in these arts speaks to her significance as a female rhetorician, transcending bans on women ’ s social participation and interpretation of Scripture.

Justin ’ s writings constitute a storehouse of early interpretation of the prophetic Scriptures.

Many postmodern thinkers who investigated the problem of nihilism as put forward by Nietzsche, were influenced by Martin Heidegger ’ s interpretation of Nietzsche.

Given the importance of Nietzsche ’ s contribution to the topic of nihilism, Heidegger's influential interpretation of Nietzsche is important for the historical development of the term nihilism.

Habermas, Lyotard and Rorty are also philosophers who are influenced by Heidegger ’ s interpretation of Nietzsche.

Dick's former wife Tessa claims that the published screenplay " has been heavily edited, and others have added material to the screenplay that Phil wrote ", though she suggests that " film producers really ought to take a look at the author ’ s own screenplay before embarking upon their journey of interpretation ".

Anderson would steer any reader away from the idea that Plautus ’ plays are somehow not his own or at least only his interpretation.

Hammond was Grotius ’ only notable Protestant convert, and despite his reputation and influence, Grotius ’ interpretation of Revelation was overwhelmingly rejected by Protestants and gained no ground for at least 100 years.

The right of nations to self-determination ( from ), or in short form, the right to self-determination is the cardinal principle in modern international law juridical status to the rank of imperative principles of international law ( jus cogens ), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter ’ s norms and entering into general international law in the result.

In a study published in 1988, John S. Michael reported that Samuel G. Morton ’ s original 19th-century data were more accurate than Gould had described ; that " contrary to Gould's interpretation.