The Vipava Valley, through which Alboin led the Lombards into ItalyAs a precautionary move Alboin strengthened his alliance with the Avars, signing what Paul calls a foedus perpetuum (" perpetual treaty ") and what is referred to in the 9th-century Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani as a pactum et foedus amicitiae (" pact and treaty of friendship "), adding that the treaty was put down on paper.

He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century Historia Brittonum.

Most of the 8th-and 9th-century texts of Bede's Historia come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire.

Hengist and Horsa are attested in Bede's 8th-century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ; in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius ; and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals compiled from the end of the 9th century.

The Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, lists twelve battles that Arthur fought.

The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t. Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall.

Certainly, Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive.

Later medieval writers often associated the battle with the legendary King Arthur ( see also, " Historical basis for King Arthur "); however, no text decisively dated before the 9th-century Historia Britonnum mentions Arthur in relation to the battle.

The earliest known text to mention Arthur in this regard is the 9th-century Historia Brittonum.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, variations on the term appear in the titles of the 9th-century Historia Britonum and the 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae, which became tremendously popular during the High Middle Ages.

Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61 ) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich.

This legend first appears in the Historia Britonum, a 9th-century historical compilation attributed to Nennius, but is best known from the account given by the 12th century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae.

His name is an Irish version of Latin Miles Hispaniae, meaning " Soldier of Hispania ", which is attested in a passage (§ 13 ) in the 9th-century pseudo-history Historia Brittonum (" The History of the Britons ").

Following Bede, versions of the Lucius story appeared in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, and in 12th-century works such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta pontificum Anglorum and the Book of Llandaff.

Most of the 8th-and 9th-century texts of Bede's Historia come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire.

Vortimer first appears in the 9th-century work known as the Historia Brittonum.

The story is known from the Historia Brittonum, attributed to the Welsh historian Nennius, which was a compilation in Latin of various older materials ( some of which were historical and others mythic or legendary ) put together during the early 9th century, and surviving in 9th-century manuscripts – i. e., some 400 years after the supposed events.

The earliest account of ball games being played in Europe ( after the Roman occupation ) comes from the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius.

Octa also appears in the Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century history of the Britons.

The Mirabilia is believed to be near-contemporaneous to the 9th-century Historia Britonum and is found appended to it in many extant manuscripts.

In a homily preached at Chur and preserved in an 8th-or 9th-century manuscript, St. Timothy is represented as an apostle of Gaul, whence he came to Britain and baptized there a king named Lucius, who became a missionary, went to Gaul, and finally settled at Chur, where he preached the gospel with great success.

Examples include the 9th-century Wachtendonk Psalms ( Dutch: " Wachtendonkse Psalmen "), a West Low Franconian translation of some of the Psalms on the threshold of what is considered Dutch, and the 12th-century County of Loon poet Henric van Veldeke ( 1150 – after 1184 ).

Its origin is notable in that it appears to be a translation from a 9th-century Old Saxon original ; this theory was originally made on metrical grounds, and then confirmed by the discovery of a fragment of Old Saxon verse that appears to correspond to part of the work. In 1875 the German scholar Sievers was first to show that these lines differ from the rest in meter.

It is a 9th-century jewelled Celtic cross with a centre glass jewel with an inscription of the Bismillah in Kufic script which may be interpreted as As God wills, In the name of Allah or We have repented to God.

The Old Norse form of the name was Þjóðríkr ( spelled þiaurikʀ on the 9th-century Rök Runestone ).

The word Mūspilli is used in a 9th-century Old High German poem of the same name to mean the end of the world as described in Christian theology.

Woolf has suggested that the name Airer Goídel replaced the name Dál Riata when the 9th-century Norse conquest split Irish Dál Riata and the islands of Alban Dál Riata off from mainland Alban Dál Riata ; the mainland area, renamed Airer Goídel, would have contrasted with the offshore islands of Innse Gall, literally " islands of the foreigners ", so-called because during the 9th to 12th centuries they were ruled by Norse-speaking Gall-Gaels.

The most important commentary is the 9th-century Great Exegesis on the Sutra of Complete Enlightenment ( 圓覺經大疏鈔 Dajuejing Dashuchao ) by Zongmi.

The region subsequently became part of the 9th-century Great Moravian state.

Another useful source is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a set of annals assembled in Wessex in the late 9th-century, probably at the direction of King Alfred the Great.

Bramante's work in the city, which included Santa Maria presso San Satiro ( a reconstruction of a small 9th-century church ), the beautiful luminous tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant ' Ambrogio, drew also on his studies of the Early Christian architecture of Milan such as the Basilica of San Lorenzo.

One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th-century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al-Rashid ( died 809 ), his vizier Jafar al-Barmaki ( d. 803 ) and the licentious poet Abu Nuwas ( d. c. 813 ).

This 13th-century sovereign was named after the 9th-century Emperor Nimmyō and go-( 後 ), translates literally as " later ;" and thus, he could be called the " Later Emperor Fukakusa ".

This 13th-century sovereign was named after the 9th-century Emperor Uda and go-( 後 ), translates literally as " later "; and thus, he is sometimes called the " Later Emperor Uda ".

This 14th-century sovereign was named after the 9th-century Emperor Daigo and go-( 後 ), translates literally as " later ;" and thus, he is sometimes called the ' Later Emperor Daigo '.

This diagnosis is acknowledged by the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 1911 ), which states: " The most trustworthy statements as to the early existence of the disease are found in an account by the 9th-century Persian physician Rhazes, by whom its symptoms were clearly described, its pathology explained by a humoral or fermentation theory, and directions given for its treatment.

This Nanboku-chō " sovereign " was named after the 9th-century Emperor Kōkō, and go-( 後 ), translates literally as " later.

This 17th-century sovereign was named after the 9th-century Emperor Junna and go-( 後 ), translates literally as later, and thus, he could have been called the " Later Emperor Junna ".

The Book of Armagh or Codex Ardmachanus ( ar or 61 ), also known as the Canon of Patrick and the Liber Ar ( d ) machanus, is a 9th-century Irish manuscript written mainly in Latin.

Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimurti, the expression of God as the Creator ( Brahma ), the Sustainer ( Vishnu ) and the Destroyer ( Shiva ).

The oldest evidence of the comma presented as part of the epistle's text is Codex Legionensis ( 7th century ), besides the younger Codex Speculum, an 8th-or 9th-century collection of New Testament quotations.

There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the Piast dynasty, Piast the Wheelwright, and a similar election of his son, Siemowit ( this would place a Polish ruler's election a century before an Icelandic one's by the Althing ), but sources for that time come from the later centuries and their validity is disputed by scholars.

This culminates in a detailed passage on the Book of the Prefect ( or Eparch ; in Greek the Eparchikon Biblion ), a 9th-century edict of the Emperor Leo VI the Wise.

There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and a similar election of his son, Siemowit ( this would place a Polish ruler's election a century before an Icelandic one's by the Althing ), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality.

According to a 9th-century manuscript of Alcuin ( Codex Vindobonensis 795 ), written in Britain, the letters

Byzantine and Arab inventors developed, among other pieces, an automatic hydraulic organ ( described by the Banu Musa in their 9th-century treatise Book of Ingenious Devices ), a ' musical tree ' at the palace of Khalif al-Muqtadir ( ruled 908 – 32 ), and a long-distance hydraulic organ that could be heard from sixty miles away ( described in the Arabic Sirr al-asrar and later translated into Latin by Roger Bacon ).

There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the Piast dynasty, Piast the Wheelwright, and a similar election of his son, Siemowit ( this would place a Polish ruler's election a century before an Icelandic one's by the Althing ), but sources for that time come from the later centuries and their validity is disputed by scholars.