He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century Historia Brittonum.

The Historia Brittonum preserves several snippets of lore about Ambrosius.

But there are smaller snippets of tradition preserved in the Historia Brittonum: in Chapter 31, we are told that Vortigern ruled in fear of Ambrosius ; later, in Chapter 66, various events are dated from a Battle of Guoloph ( often identified with Wallop, ESE of Amesbury near Salisbury ), which is said to have been between Ambrosius and Vitolinus ; lastly, in Chapter 48, it is said that Pascent, the son of Vortigern, was granted rule over the regions of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion by Ambrosius.

The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to " the twelfth year of Vortigern ", by which 437 seems to be meant.

Because Ambrosius and Vortigern are shown in the Historia Brittonum as being in conflict, some historians have suspected that this preserves a historical core of the existence of two parties in opposition to one another, one headed by Ambrosius and the other by Vortigern.

Yet a simpler alternative interpretation of the conflict between these two figures is that the Historia Brittonum is preserving traditions hostile to the purported descendants of Vortigern, who at this time were a ruling house in Powys.

This interpretation is supported by the negative character of all of the stories retold about Vortigern in the Historia Brittonum, which include his alleged practice of incest.

Similar evidence is given by the Historia Brittonum.

She makes no appearance in Bede's work, the Historia Brittonum, the Mabinogion or Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain.

The main sources available for discussion of this period include Gildas's De Excidio Britanniae and Nennius's Historia Brittonum, the Annales Cambriae, Anglo Saxon Chronicle, William of Malmesbury's Gesta Regum Anglorum and De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesiae, along with texts from the Black Book of Carmarthen and the Red Book of Hergest, and Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum as well as " The Descent of the Men of the North " ( Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd, in Peniarth MS 45 and elsewhere ) and the Book of Baglan.

According to British legend ( see: Historia Brittonum ) the territory known later as Essex was ceded by the Britons to the Saxons following the infamous Brad y Cyllyll Hirion event which occurred ca.

" An alternative form of this genealogy, found in the Historia Brittonum among other places, reverses the position of Octa and Oisc in the lineage.

Hengist and Horsa are attested in Bede's 8th-century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ; in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius ; and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals compiled from the end of the 9th century.

In the Historia Brittonum Hengist had an unnamed daughter ( her name is first given in Historia Regum Britanniae as Rowena ) who seduced Vortigern, eventually leading to the Night of the Long Knives when Hengist's men massacred the Britons at a peace accord.

While the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refer to the brother as Horsa, in the Historia Brittonum his name is simply Hors.

The Historia Brittonum records that, during the reign of Vortigern in Britain, three vessels that had been exiled from Germania arrived in Britain, commanded by Hengist and Horsa.

The Historia Brittonum details that Geta was said to be the son of a god, yet " not of the omnipotent God and our Lord Jesus Christ ," but rather " the offspring of one of their idols, and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the custom of the heathen.

Geoffrey of Monmouth adapted and greatly expanded the Historia Brittonum account in his work Historia Regum Britanniae.

The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas.

The Vipava Valley, through which Alboin led the Lombards into ItalyAs a precautionary move Alboin strengthened his alliance with the Avars, signing what Paul calls a foedus perpetuum (" perpetual treaty ") and what is referred to in the 9th-century Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani as a pactum et foedus amicitiae (" pact and treaty of friendship "), adding that the treaty was put down on paper.

Most of the 8th-and 9th-century texts of Bede's Historia come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire.

The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t. Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall.

Certainly, Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive.

The 9th-century " Historia Brittonum " sees in Lucius a translation of the Celtic name Llever Maur ( Great Light ), says that the envoys of Lucius were Fagan and Wervan, and tells us that with this king all the other island kings ( reguli Britanniæ ) were baptized ( Hist.

Later medieval writers often associated the battle with the legendary King Arthur ( see also, " Historical basis for King Arthur "); however, no text decisively dated before the 9th-century Historia Britonnum mentions Arthur in relation to the battle.

The earliest known text to mention Arthur in this regard is the 9th-century Historia Brittonum.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, variations on the term appear in the titles of the 9th-century Historia Britonum and the 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae, which became tremendously popular during the High Middle Ages.

Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61 ) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich.

This legend first appears in the Historia Britonum, a 9th-century historical compilation attributed to Nennius, but is best known from the account given by the 12th century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae.

His name is an Irish version of Latin Miles Hispaniae, meaning " Soldier of Hispania ", which is attested in a passage (§ 13 ) in the 9th-century pseudo-history Historia Brittonum (" The History of the Britons ").

Following Bede, versions of the Lucius story appeared in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, and in 12th-century works such as William of Malmesbury's Gesta pontificum Anglorum and the Book of Llandaff.

Most of the 8th-and 9th-century texts of Bede's Historia come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire.

Vortimer first appears in the 9th-century work known as the Historia Brittonum.

The story is known from the Historia Brittonum, attributed to the Welsh historian Nennius, which was a compilation in Latin of various older materials ( some of which were historical and others mythic or legendary ) put together during the early 9th century, and surviving in 9th-century manuscripts – i. e., some 400 years after the supposed events.

The earliest account of ball games being played in Europe ( after the Roman occupation ) comes from the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius.

Octa also appears in the Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century history of the Britons.

The Mirabilia is believed to be near-contemporaneous to the 9th-century Historia Britonum and is found appended to it in many extant manuscripts.

He had access to two works of Eusebius: the Historia Ecclesiastica, and also the Chronicon, though he had neither in the original Greek ; instead he had a Latin translation of the Historia, by Rufinus, and Saint Jerome's translation of the Chronicon.

Bede's Latin has been praised for its clarity, but his style in the Historia Ecclesiastica is not simple.

In the words of Charles Plummer, one of the best-known editors of the Historia Ecclesiastica, Bede's Latin is " clear and limpid ... it is very seldom that we have to pause to think of the meaning of a sentence ... Alcuin rightly praises Bede for his unpretending style.

Geoffrey of Monmouth Latinised this to Caliburnus ( likely influenced by the medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs, from Greek " χάλυψ ", " steel "), the name of Arthur's sword in his 12th-century work Historia Regum Britanniae.

According to the legendary Historia Regum Britanniae, of Geoffrey of Monmouth, London was founded by Brutus of Troy after he defeated the incumbent giants Gog and Magog and was known as, ( Latin for New Troy ), which, according to a pseudo-etymology, was corrupted to Trinovantum.

The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair ( Latin caesaries ); that he had bright grey eyes ( Latin oculis caesiis ); or that he killed an elephant ( caesai in Moorish ) in battle.

The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey's Historia ( known as pre-Galfridian texts, from the Latin form of Geoffrey, Galfridus ) and those written afterwards, which could not avoid his influence ( Galfridian, or post-Galfridian, texts ).

In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales, Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae.

The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ).

His elaborate 160-volume work Naturalis Historia described many plants, and even gave many of them Latin binomial names.

The oldest source of this version is the Latin Historia Norvegiae, written in Norway at the end of the 12th century.

The Historia Ecclesiastica was first edited in Greek by Robert Estienne, on the basis of Codex Regius 1443 ( Paris, 1544 ); a translation into Latin by Johannes Christophorson ( 1612 ) is important for its variant readings.

In England, however, the Historia was expanded in Latin, with additional information from the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, and the chronicle of Roger Hoveden ; this version was written around 1220.

Gregory's education was the standard Latin one of Late Antiquity, focusing on Vergil's Aeneid and Martianus Capella's Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also other key texts such as Orosius ' Chronicles, which his Historia is a continuation of, and Sallust, all of which works he refers to in his own.

The oldest preserved Norwegian prose works are from the mid-12th century, the earliest are Latin hagiographical and historical texts such as Passio Olavi, Acta sanctorum in Selio, Historia Norwegie and Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium.

The name first occurs in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136, in Latin ) as Tintagol, implying pronunciation with a hard sound as in modern English girl.

There is no guarantee that it significantly predates the 12th-century narrative tradition, where it is first attached to him in Ágrip and in Latin translation as sanguinea securis in the Historia Norwegiæ.

In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid ; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615.

In February 2001, Martin released a Spanish greatest hits album entitled La Historia, which went to number one for five weeks on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and debuted at number eighty-three on the Billboard 200.

According to the Latin Historia Norwegiæ, Halvdan was a king " in montanis " ( in the mountains ), which is usually equivalent to Oppland in the Old Norse.