The earliest attestation for Týr's continental counterpart occurs in Gothic tyz " the t-rune " () in the 9th-century Codex Vindobonensis 795.

The Book of Armagh or Codex Ardmachanus ( ar or 61 ), also known as the Canon of Patrick and the Liber Ar ( d ) machanus, is a 9th-century Irish manuscript written mainly in Latin.

The oldest evidence of the comma presented as part of the epistle's text is Codex Legionensis ( 7th century ), besides the younger Codex Speculum, an 8th-or 9th-century collection of New Testament quotations.

According to a 9th-century manuscript of Alcuin ( Codex Vindobonensis 795 ), written in Britain, the letters

Some of the earliest recorded attempts with gliders were those by the 9th-century poet Abbas Ibn Firnas and the 11th-century monk Eilmer of Malmesbury ; both experiments injured their pilots.

The 9th-century " Historia Brittonum " sees in Lucius a translation of the Celtic name Llever Maur ( Great Light ), says that the envoys of Lucius were Fagan and Wervan, and tells us that with this king all the other island kings ( reguli Britanniæ ) were baptized ( Hist.

This diagnosis is acknowledged by the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 1911 ), which states: " The most trustworthy statements as to the early existence of the disease are found in an account by the 9th-century Persian physician Rhazes, by whom its symptoms were clearly described, its pathology explained by a humoral or fermentation theory, and directions given for its treatment.

She points out that buckets of apples were found in the 9th-century Oseberg ship burial site in Norway and that fruit and nuts ( Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in Skáldskaparmál ) have been found in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe which may have had a symbolic meaning and also that nuts are still a recognized symbol of fertility in Southwest England.

Woolf has suggested that the name Airer Goídel replaced the name Dál Riata when the 9th-century Norse conquest split Irish Dál Riata and the islands of Alban Dál Riata off from mainland Alban Dál Riata ; the mainland area, renamed Airer Goídel, would have contrasted with the offshore islands of Innse Gall, literally " islands of the foreigners ", so-called because during the 9th to 12th centuries they were ruled by Norse-speaking Gall-Gaels.

A longer Epic Cycle, as described by the 9th-century CE scholar and clergyman Photius in his Bibliotheca, also included the Titanomachy and the Theban Cycle, which in turn comprised the Oedipodea, the Thebaid, the Epigoni and the Alcmeonis ; however, it is certain that none of the cyclic epics ( other than Homer ) survived to Photius ' day, and it is likely that Proclus and Photius were not referring to a canonical collection.

There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and a similar election of his son, Siemowit ( this would place a Polish ruler's election a century before an Icelandic one's by the Althing ), but sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate to whether those elections were more than a formality.

The story is known from the Historia Brittonum, attributed to the Welsh historian Nennius, which was a compilation in Latin of various older materials ( some of which were historical and others mythic or legendary ) put together during the early 9th century, and surviving in 9th-century manuscripts – i. e., some 400 years after the supposed events.

The Vipava Valley, through which Alboin led the Lombards into ItalyAs a precautionary move Alboin strengthened his alliance with the Avars, signing what Paul calls a foedus perpetuum (" perpetual treaty ") and what is referred to in the 9th-century Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani as a pactum et foedus amicitiae (" pact and treaty of friendship "), adding that the treaty was put down on paper.

He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century Historia Brittonum.

There is no evidence that the term was a title that had any practical use, with implications of formal rights, powers and office, or even that it had any existence before the 9th-century.

The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t. Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall.

Certainly, Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive.

The other, the De Obitu Willelmi, or On the Death of William, has been shown to be a copy of two 9th-century accounts with names changed.

In a homily preached at Chur and preserved in an 8th-or 9th-century manuscript, St. Timothy is represented as an apostle of Gaul, whence he came to Britain and baptized there a king named Lucius, who became a missionary, went to Gaul, and finally settled at Chur, where he preached the gospel with great success.

Later medieval writers often associated the battle with the legendary King Arthur ( see also, " Historical basis for King Arthur "); however, no text decisively dated before the 9th-century Historia Britonnum mentions Arthur in relation to the battle.

For the 9th-century Byzantine Emperor with the byname Psellus, see Michael II.

Before the arrival of the Normans the Anglo-Saxons had built burhs, fortified structures with their origins in 9th-century Wessex.

In the 9th-century Carolingian rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it.

There are similar problems with the provenance of Gofraid mac Fergusa, the supposed 9th-century ruler of the Hebrides and ancestor of Clan Donald.

Though he was never canonised, a cult emerged around the late earl in the 1390s, associating him with the 9th-century martyr king St Edmund.

The 9th-century Irish tale Buile Shuibhne ( The Madness of Sweeney ) describes how Sweeney, the pagan king of the Dál nAraidi in Ulster, assaults the Christian bishop Ronan Finn and is cursed with madness as a result.

In his 9th-century treatise on divorce, Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, listed lamiae among the supernatural dangers that threatened marriages, and identified them with geniciales feminae, female reproductive spirits.

The story of Beorhtwulf's other known son, Beorhtfrith, is told in the Passio sancti Wigstani, which may include material from a late 9th-century source, with some corroboration in the chronicle of John of Worcester.

The book Kitāb man nusiba ilá ummihi min al-shu ‘ arā ’ ( The book of poets who are named with the lineage of their mothers ) by the 9th-century author Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb is a study of the matronymics of Arabic poets.

Below is quoted the story of Jabalah's return to the land of the Byzantines as told by 9th-century historian al-Baladhuri. Jabalah ibn-al-Aiham sided with the Ansar ( Azdi Muslims from Medina ) saying, " You are our brethren and the sons of our fathers " and professed Islam.

It is a 9th-century jewelled Celtic cross with a centre glass jewel with an inscription of the Bismillah in Kufic script which may be interpreted as As God wills, In the name of Allah or We have repented to God.

* Gottschalk of Orbais, a 9th-century theologian, poet, and unwilling monk, best known as a hero of the Jansenists and for his conflict with Hincmar

There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the Piast dynasty, Piast the Wheelwright, and a similar election of his son, Siemowit ( this would place a Polish ruler's election a century before an Icelandic one's by the Althing ), but sources for that time come from the later centuries and their validity is disputed by scholars.

There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the Piast dynasty, Piast the Wheelwright, and a similar election of his son, Siemowit ( this would place a Polish ruler's election a century before an Icelandic one's by the Althing ), but sources for that time come from the later centuries and their validity is disputed by scholars.

In the late 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( around four hundred years after his time ) Ælle is recorded as being the first bretwalda, or " Britain-ruler ", though there is no evidence that this was a contemporary title.

Most of the 8th-and 9th-century texts of Bede's Historia come from the northern parts of the Carolingian Empire.

It is unclear whether the word dates back to the 5th century and was used by the kings themselves, or whether it is a later, 9th-century, invention.

Modern interpretations view the concept of bretwaldaship as complex and an important indicator of how a 9th-century chronicler interpreted history and attempted to insert the increasingly more powerful Saxon kings into that history.

* Stephen Lawhead's novel Byzantium ( 1996 ) is set in 9th-century Constantinople.

There is also a surviving 9th-century Latin text, preserved at Wolfenbüttel in Germany, which mentions the ingredients of what appears to be Greek fire and the operation of the siphons used to project it.

Hengist and Horsa are attested in Bede's 8th-century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ; in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius ; and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals compiled from the end of the 9th century.

The first datable mention of King Arthur is in a 9th-century Latin text.

The Historia Brittonum, a 9th-century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius, lists twelve battles that Arthur fought.

9th-century Euboean and Cypriote presence on the island is attested by ceramics, while a Phoenician presence is noted at Erythrae, the traditional competitor of Chios on the mainland.

Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century.

There is a large 9th-century funerary barrow in Novgorod Oblast, reminiscent of the mounds at Old Uppsala, Sweden, which is called Shum Gora.

File: AgnesPudentianaMosaic. jpg | 9th-century Mosaic in the church of St. Praxedes, Rome

In the 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle he is referred to as a Bretwalda.

The 9th-century poem Miracula Nyniae Episcopi records some of the miracles attributed to him.

The library also preserves a unique 9th-century document, known as the Plan of St. Gall, the only surviving major architectural drawing from the roughly 700-year period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 13th century.

A late 9th-century drawing of St. Paul lecturing an agitated crowd of Jews and gentiles, part of a copy of a Pauline epistles produced at and still held by the monastery, was included in a medieval-drawing show at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York the summer of 2009.