Everything thus turns upon the status and meaning of clause 2 in the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, which provides: " The provisions of this Act referring to the Queen shall extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

Virginia Code section 1-200 establishes the continued existence and vitality of common law principles and provides that " The common law of England, insofar as it is not repugnant to the principles of the Bill of Rights and Constitution of this Commonwealth, shall continue in full force within the same, and be the rule of decision, except as altered by the General Assembly.

For example, the New York Constitution of 1777 provides that:

With the Constitution Act, 1982, amendments to the constitution must be done in accordance with Part V of the Constitution Act, 1982, which provides for five different amending formulae.

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:

Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan, promulgated in 1947 by influence of the U. S. occupation administration and still in force, provides that " The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet.

Guatemala's 1985 Constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

The 1987 Constitution of Honduras provides for a fairly strong executive in some ways, but many powers conceded to the executive elsewhere, are designated duties of the unicameral National Congress.

In accordance with Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong has Special Administrative Region status, which provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of " one country, two systems ".

:: Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ): Chapter 4, article 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation provides:

Article 104, paragraph 1 of the German Constitution provides that deprivations of liberty may be imposed only on the basis of a specific enabling statute that also must include procedural rules.

In particular, a constitutional obligation to grant remedies for improper detention is required by article 19, paragraph 4 of the Constitution which provides as follows: " Should any person ’ s right be violated by public authority, he may have recourse to the courts.

The Australian Constitution provides that: " 80.

In accordance with Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Macau has Special Administrative Region status, which provides constitutional guarantees for implementing the policy of " one country, two systems " and the constitutional basis for enacting the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region.

According to the U. S. Department of State, " The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary ; however, the executive branch has exerted undue influence on the judiciary.

The Moroccan Constitution provides for a monarchy with a Parliament and an independent judiciary.

One prominent example of this is found in the United States Constitution, which provides that the President may be impeached and subsequently and removed from office if found guilty by Congress for " high crimes and misdemeanors ".

Article 58. 1 of the April 18, 1999, Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation ( official, French version ) provides that " Switzerland has an army.

The 1954 PRC Constitution provides that the State Chairman ( President ) directs the armed forces and made the State Chairman the chair of the Defense Commission ( the Defense Commission is an advisory body, it does not lead the armed forces ).

** Lack of voting representation in either House of the U. S. Congress, as the US Constitution provides these rights only to full states.

** The ineligibility of Puerto Rico residents to vote in presidential elections as the U. S. Constitution provides these rights only to states and the District of Columbia.

The Constitution of Ireland provides for a parliamentary system of government, under which the role of the head of state is largely a ceremonial one.

Article I, section 2 of the Constitution states that the House " shall have the sole power of Impeachment ", and Article I, section 3 provides that the " Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments.

The Constitution stipulated that Australia was a constitutional monarchy, where the Head of State is the British ( or, since 1942, Australian ) monarch, who is represented at the federal level by a Governor-General, and at the state level by six Governors, one for each state.

" The Constitution grants the Governor-General a wide range of powers, but in practice he or she follows the conventions of the Westminster system and ( with rare exceptions ) acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia or other ministers.

The Constitution does not set a term of office, so a Governor-General may continue to hold office for any agreed length of time, however a typical term of office is five years.

The salary of the Governor-General is regulated by the Constitution, which fixed an annual amount of 10, 000 pounds, unless the parliament decides otherwise.

The Constitution states that the salary of the Governor-General may not be increased during his or her term of office.

Section 4 of the Constitution allows the Queen to appoint an Administrator to carry out the role of Governor-General when there is a vacancy.

Sections 61 and 68 of the Constitution provide that the Governor-General exercises certain powers as the Queen's representative.

In 1975, the Queen, through her Private Secretary, wrote that she " has no part in the decisions which the Governor-General must take in accordance with the Constitution ".

He later opined that the governor-general's role was more than a representative of the sovereign, explaining: " under section 2 of the Constitution the Governor-General is the Queen's representative and exercises certain royal prerogative powers and functions ; under section 61 of the Constitution the Governor-General is the holder of a quite separate and independent office created, not by the Crown, but by the Constitution, and empowered to exercise, in his own right as Governor-General and not as a representative or delegate of the Queen, all the powers and functions of Australia's head of state.

At the start of Chapter 2 on executive government, the Constitution says " The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative ".

In the Constitution, the words " Governor-General-in-council " mean the Governor-General acting with the advice of the Council.

In Australia, however, the powers are explicitly given to the Governor-General in the Constitution ; it is their use that is the subject of convention.

In Commentaries on the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, Garran noted that, since the Australian executive is national in nature ( being dependent on the nationally elected House of Representatives, rather than the Senate ), " the Governor-General, as the official head of the Executive, does not in the smallest degree represent any federal element ; if he represents anything he is the image and embodiment of national unity and the outward and visible representation of the Imperial relationship of the Commonwealth.

::: The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.

The Niue Constitution Act vests executive authority in Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand and the Governor-General of New Zealand.

The Niue Constitution Act 1974 ( NZ ) vests executive authority in Her Majesty the Queen in Right of New Zealand and the Governor-General of New Zealand.

Out of the assembly ’ s 454 deputies, 444 are directly elected while no more than 10 may be appointed by the President ( article 87 of the Constitution ).

Following the promulgation of 1956 Constitution, Prime minister Bogra appointed Bengali bureaucrat and retired Major-General Iskander Mirza was as Interior minister and the Army Commander of army General Ayub Khan as the Defence minister whilst Muhammad Ali remained Economic minister.

As part of the fledgling nation's government, he was treasurer of the Continental Loan Office in 1778 ; appointed judge of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779 and reappointed in 1780 and 1787 ; and helped ratify the Constitution during the constitutional convention in 1787.

Sir John Northcott, the first Australian-born person appointed as Governor ( 1946 – 1957 ). The governor is required by the Constitution Act, 1902.

The Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the Governor-General of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution.

Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are collectively responsible to Parliament.

According to the Constitution of Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval.

The Constitution provides that justices " shall hold their offices during good behavior " ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ).

The Constitution Party of Wisconsin, for example, was an affiliate of the American Independent Party which ran candidates in the 1980-1984 elections, and appointed James Wickstrom and others as representatives to the National Committee.

John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed.

As the Germans started to retreat on 18 September 1944, Jüri Uluots, the last Prime Minister of the Estonian Republic prior to Soviet occupation, assumed the responsibilities of president ( as dictated in the Constitution ) and appointed a new government while seeking recognition from the Allies.

When Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving.

After the Patriote Rebellion was crushed by the British army and Loyal volunteers, the 1791 Constitution was suspended on 27 March 1838 and a special council was appointed to administer the colony.

With the help of Sémonville he now started to push a project of constitutional reform that followed the French Constitution of the Year VIII in important respects: a bicameral legislature would be appointed by a " National College " ( akin to the French Senate ) from a list of names produced by a convoluted system of national elections.

" As President in 1865, Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi, recommending, " If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names, and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at at least two hundred and fifty dollars, and pay taxes thereon, you would completely disarm the adversary in Congress, and set an example the other states will follow.

Despite being acknowledged as the leading expert on the Australian Constitution, he was never appointed to the High Court of Australia.

The Constitution provides that federal judges, including judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, are appointed by the President " by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

In December 2011, a Committee appointed by the Storting put forth its report, suggesting that human rights be put in a separate chapter in the Constitution.

For the Australian Senate ( where each State forms a multi-seat constituency voting by single transferable vote ), the State Parliament appoints a replacement ; in 1977 a referendum amended the Constitution to require that the person appointed must belong to the same political party ( if any ) as the Senator originally elected to that seat.

Cosgrave, the British Government recommended to King George V that Healy be appointed the first ' Governor-General of the Irish Free State ', a new office of representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Irish Free State Constitution and Letters Patent from the King.

The Emperor of Japan who was defined as both Head of State and the Generalissimo of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces according to the Meiji Constitution of 1889 to 1945, was the head of the Imperial General Headquarters, and was assisted by staff appointed from the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy.

The constitution lasted until the downfall of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 and Corazon Aquino appointed members to draft the 1987 Constitution through a Constitutional Commission.

Likewise, the U. S. Constitution does not provide any such requirement for a U. S. Supreme Court justice or other federal judge, although no non-lawyer has ever been appointed as a federal judge.

In 1883 Yamagata was appointed to the post of Lord Chancellor, the highest bureaucratic position in the government system before the Meiji Constitution of 1889.