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The Contras became " a campesino movement with its own leadership " ( Luis Carrion ); they had " a large social base in the countryside " ( Orlando Nunez ); " the integration of thousands of peasants into the counterrevolutionary army " was provoked by " the policies, limitations and errors of Sandinismo " ( Alejandro Bendana ); " many landless peasants went to war " to avoid the state collectives, and Contra commanders " were small farmers, many of them without any ties to Somocismo, who had supplanted the former National Guard officers " ( Sergio Ramirez ).
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Contras and became
Edgar Chamorro, a former Contra and member of the FDN's political directorate who later became a critic of the Contras, stated that during his time with the Contras, he frequently received reports about atrocities committed by Contra troops against civilians and against Sandinista prisoners: " As time went on, I became more and more troubled by the frequent reports I received of atrocities committed by our troops against civilians and against Sandinista prisoners.
Americas Watch – which subsequently became part of Human Rights Watch – accused the Contras of:
Although independent and often at conflict with each other, these guerrilla bands — along with a few others — all became generally known as " Contras " ( short for "", en.
The efforts to provide arms for hostages eventually became connected, through the transfer of funds made with arms sales, with the NSC staff's ardent support for the Nicaraguan " Contras " in their civil war against the left-wing government of Nicaragua.
In 1986, in an episode that became known as The Iran – Contra affair, the Reagan administration illegally facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, in the hope that the arms sales would secure the release of hostages and allow U. S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.
His strongly anti-Soviet views became far more moderate, as he emerged as a critic of the Ronald Reagan Administration's hawkish Cold War policies, such as support for the Contras in Nicaragua.
The reforestation projects became targets for the Contras, who sabotaged projects, and kidnapped and murdered over 50 MARENA employees.
Contras and movement
Daniel Ortega of the Marxist-Leninist movement called the Sandinista National Liberation Front seized power in Nicaragua in 1979 and faced armed opposition from the Contras supported by the United States.
The Reagan doctrine called for American support of the Contras in Nicaragua, the mujahideen in Afghanistan and Jonas Savimbi's UNITA movement in Angola, among other anti-communist groups.
Contras and with
The Contras have killed, tortured, raped, mutilated and abducted hundreds of civilians they suspect of sympathizing with the Sandinistas.
*" The Contras ' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaragua Crisis ", by Enrique Bermúdez ( with Michael Johns ), Policy Review magazine, Summer 1988.
* 1985 – Sandinista Daniel Ortega becomes president of Nicaragua and vows to continue the transformation to socialism and alliance with the Soviet Union and Cuba ; American policy continues to support the Contras in their revolt against the Nicaraguan government.
Regarding human rights violations by the Contras, " The Court has to determine whether the relationship of the contras to the United States Government was such that it would be right to equate the Contras, for legal purposes, with an organ of the United States Government, or as acting on behalf of that Government.
After the initiation of full-scale U. S. military involvement in the Nicaraguan conflict the CDS was empowered to enforce wartime bans on political assembly and association with other political parties ( i. e. parties associated with the " Contras ").
This meant the US could no longer openly support the Contras with U. S. government funds.
After the U. S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the Contras in 1983, the Reagan administration continued to back the Contras by raising money from foreign allies and covertly selling arms to Iran ( then engaged in a vicious war with Iraq ), and channelling the proceeds to the Contras ( see the Iran-Contra Affair ).
Oliver North came into the public spotlight as a result of his participation in the Iran-Contra affair, a political scandal of the late 1980s, in which he claimed partial responsibility for the sale of weapons via intermediaries to Iran, with the profits being channeled to the Contras in Nicaragua.
After the United States Congress turned down continued funding of the Contras in April 1985, the Reagan administration ordered a total embargo on United States trade with Nicaragua the following month, accusing the Sandinista government of threatening United States security in the region.
In 1987, due to a stalemate with the Contras, the Esquipulas II treaty was brokered by Costa Rican President Óscar Arias Sánchez.
The song chronicles the history of the Sandinistas, as well as their conflict with the Contras, and reflects an optimistic hope for the future of Nicaragua.
During the 1980s Argüello briefly fought with the Contras in his native Nicaragua, but after a few months in the jungle he retired from the war.
She disagreed with Schultz most notably on the Iran-Contra affair, in which she supported skimming money off arms sales to fund the Contras.
This demobilization included the removal of the US-backed Contras thereby leaving the Sandinistas with no one to fight, and therefore creating a highly effective peace.
Contras and its
There is no clear evidence that the United States actually exercised such a degree of control as to justify treating the contras as acting on its behalf ... Having reached the above conclusion, the Court takes the view that the Contras remain responsible for their acts, in particular the alleged violations by them of humanitarian law.
The CIIR report also questioned the independence of the Permanent Commission on Human Rights, referring to an article in the Washington Post which claims that the National Endowment for Democracy, an organization funded by the US government, allocated a concession of US $ 50, 000 for assistance in the translation and distribution outside Nicaragua of its monthly report, and that these funds were administered by Prodemca, a US-based organization which later published full-page adverisments in the Washington Post and New York Times supporting military aid to the Contras.
This was a plan intended to promote democracy and peace on the Central American isthmus during a time of great turmoil: leftist guerrillas were fighting against the governments in El Salvador and Guatemala, which were backed by the United States under the auspices of the Cold War ; the Contras, supported by the United States, were fighting an insurgency against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua ; Honduras, only recently wresting political power from its military, was caught in the middle as a base for U. S. military forces ; and on Costa Rica's other border, Panama faced the oppression of Manuel Noriega's military dictatorship.
During the 1980s, SANE / FREEZE expanded its work to oppose U. S. military intervention in El Salvador and to end U. S. military aid to the Contras in Nicaragua.
Much of the game's popularity came from its two-player simultaneous gameplay, which was an uncommon feature in video games at the time of Contras release.
The main focus of the protesters was toward the Reagan administration's foreign policy, in particular its support of the Contras in Nicaragua.
In a March 13, 1985 " Eyes Only " memo to Pat Buchanan, then-White House Communications Director, the S / LPD bragged about the recent results of its " White Propaganda " operation in support of the Contras.
In this period the US also started its campaign against the Sandinista government with support to the Contras.
Contras and own
The elections of 1990, which had been mandated by the constitution passed in 1987, saw the Bush administration funnel $ 49. 75 million of ‘ non-lethal ’ aid to the Contras, as well as $ 9m to the opposition UNO — equivalent to $ 2 billion worth of intervention by a foreign power in a US election at the time, and proportionately five times the amount George Bush had spent on his own election campaign.
Contras and Luis
Videla's junta, which participated in Operation Condor, supported various neo-fascist and right-wing terrorist movements ; the SIDE supported Luis García Meza Tejada's Cocaine Coup in Bolivia and trained the Contras in Nicaragua.
Additionally, militants associated with the CANF, such as Luis Posada Carriles ( who claims to have been funded by Jorge Mas Canosa ) and his Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations ( CORU ) group, and the Contras ( Pepe Hernández having been a Contra combatant, and several CANF members having ostensibly provided them with humanitarian aid ), have been accused of large-scale drug trafficking.
Contras and );
The S / LPD said it helped write an anti-Sandinista column for the Wall Street Journal that ran two days earlier ; assisted in a " positive piece " on the Contras by Fred Francis that aired the night before on NBC ; wrote op-eds for the Washington Post and New York Times that would run with the bylines of Contra leaders ; arranged an extensive media tour for a Contra leader " through a cut-out " ( to hide the S / LPD's role ); and prepared to leak a State Department cable that would embarrass the Sandinistas: " Do not be surprised if this cable somehow hits the evening news.
Contras and they
In violation of the Boland Amendment, senior officials of the Reagan administration continued to secretly arm and train the Contras and provide arms to Iran, an operation they called " the Enterprise ".
After revising the constitution in 1987 and after years of resisting the United States-supported Contras the FSLN lost the election in 1990 to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, but they retained a plurality of seats in the legislature.
In Nicaragua, pressure from the Contras led the Sandinstas to end the State of Emergency, and they subsequently lost the 1990 elections.
In fact, the Contras received their name precisely because they were counterrevolutionaries.
Contras and had
" Earlier, in December 1984, the Council on Hemispheric Affairs had issued a report condemning the Contras and the United States government as being among the worst human rights violators in Latin America: " The CIA directed forces are among the worst human rights violators in Latin America, responsible for systematic brutality against a civilian population.
Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras by the government had been prohibited by Congress.
Direct funding of the Contras insurgency had been made illegal through the Boland Amendment, the name given to three U. S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984 aimed at limiting US government assistance to the Contras militants.
The first challenge to the powerful new army came from the Contras, groups of Somoza's National Guard who had fled to Honduras organized and funded by CIA elements involved in cocaine trafficking in Central America.
The ICJ held that the U. S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors.
The FDN ’ s ( Fuerza Democrática Nicaragüense, the main opposition group of those armed organizations referred to as ' Contras ') chief of intelligence, Ricardo Lau, had, according to the former Salvadoran intelligence chief Col. Roberto Santivanez, ‘ received payment of $ 120, 000 ’ for organizing the murder of Archbishop Romero of El Salvador in 1980.
U. S. funding of the Contras by appropriated funds spent by intelligence agencies had been prohibited by the Boland Amendment.
He had arranged $ 32 million in Saudi financing for the Nicaraguan Contras.
The largest scandal of the years was the Iran-Contra affair, wherein weapons had been sold to Iran, and the proceeds used by the CIA to aid Contras in Nicaragua.
He had also given aid to foreign groups such as the Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslav Wars, as well as the Nicaraguan Contras, providing " a million dollars per month from May to December 1984.
A major element of the Contras ' strategy was to launch attacks on rural schools, health clinics and power stations — the very things that most exemplified the improvements that had been brought about by the revolution.
This project was never realized, however, because the Contras had militarized much of the wilderness.
However, Pastora soon lost whatever popularity he might have had among common Nicaraguans as he adopted the strategy of the northern Contras, terrorizing civilians while mostly avoiding direct encounters with the Nicaraguan military.
Boland's most famous work as a Congressman was the 1982 Boland Amendment, which blocked further funding of the Contras in Nicaragua after the Central Intelligence Agency had supervised acts of sabotage without notifying Congress.
Initially, Obando y Bravo had promised to the public that if human rights abuses on the part of the Contras were verifiably reported, he would denounce them.
Oliver North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from TOW and HAWK missile sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras.
He has claimed that he had no involvement in the later illegal diversion of funds to the Contras or the subsequent cover-up.
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