He was extremely skeptical of Peter Bartholomew's discovery in Antioch of the Holy Lance, especially because he knew such a relic already existed in Constantinople ; however, he was willing to let the Crusader army believe it was real if it raised their morale.

Bethlehem — along with Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Sidon — was briefly ceded to the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem by a treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders.

After the success of his siege of Carcassonne, which followed the massacre at Béziers, Simon de Montfort was designated as leader of the Crusader army.

It was during the period of Crusader rule in Syria ( 1099 – 1291 ) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the Chouf Mountains.

In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the Tanukhs and the Arslans.

During the Crusades, Galilee was organized into the Principality of Galilee, one of the most important Crusader seigneuries.

Crusader art was a mix of Western, Byzantine, and Islamic styles.

Rifleman John Beeley was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during Operation Crusader.

The Crusader force enjoyed early success against Shirkuh's troops, but the terrain was too steep and sandy for their horses, and commander Hugh of Caesarea was captured while attacking Saladin's unit.

Also, there was a chance that the Crusader kingdom — which acted as a buffer state between Syria and Egypt — could have collapsed had the two leaders attacked it from the east and the coast.

" Saladin aimed to counter this propaganda by ending the siege, claiming he was defending Islam from the Crusaders ; his army returned to Hama to engage a Crusader force there.

In the spring of 1178, he was encamped under the walls of Homs and a few skirmishes occurred between his generals and the Crusader army.

It was not an attempt to extend the Crusader influence into that sea or to capture its trade routes, but merely a piratical move.

Al-Maqrizi added to the rumor by claiming Muhammad's tomb was going to be relocated to Crusader territory so Muslims would make pilgrimages there.

In this battle alone the Crusader force was largely annihilated by Saladin's determined army.

Tyre, on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, was the last major Crusader city that was not captured by Muslim forces ( strategically, it would have made more sense for Saladin to capture Tyre before Jerusalem — however, Saladin chose to pursue Jerusalem first because of the importance of the city to Islam ).

However, the construction of a sloping talus at the base of a castle wall ( as was common in Crusader fortification ) could have reduced the effectiveness of this tactic to an extent.

The hilt of a sword formed a cross with the blade, so if a crucifix was not available, a Crusader could kiss the hilt of his sword when praying, before entering battle, for oaths and vows, and so on.

Crisis at Crusader Citadel was an introductory adventure, a V & V supplement published in 1982 by Fantasy Games Unlimited, written and illustrated by Dee and Herman.

Her father Baldwin was a crusader knight who carved out the Crusader State of Edessa and married Morphia, daughter of the Armenian Prince Gabriel of Melitene, in a diplomatic marriage to fortify alliances in the region.

When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and Cathars once they'd taken the city of Béziers, the Papal Legate Arnaud Amalric famously replied, " Kill them all, God will know His own ".

The Caliphate lasted in the area until 1099, when the Christian Crusader Godfrey de Bouillon took Hebron and renamed it " Castellion Saint Abraham ".

" The Strange Case of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 123 ( August 15, 1987 ); " The Return of Dr. Wertham " Amazing Heroes # 124 ( Sept. 1, 1987 ); " From Dr. Wertham With Love " Amazing Heroes # 125 ( Sept. 15, 1987 ) part series, see below for link to condensed version posted online under title " Fredric Wertham-Anti-Comics Crusader Who Turned Advocate ".

The " Chinon Parchment suggests that the Templars did indeed spit on the cross ," says Sean Martin, and that these acts were intended to simulate the kind of humiliation and torture that a Crusader might be subjected to if captured by the Saracens, where they were taught how to commit apostasy " with the mind only and not with the heart ".

The fort was built on remains of a Crusader fort called " Le Seffram ".

' with their Crusader crosses held high ".

Crusader historians such as Jonathan Riley-Smith, quoted by The Daily Telegraph, called the film " dangerous to Arab relations ", claiming the movie was Osama bin Laden's version of the Crusades and would " fuel the Islamic fundamentalists ".

After Space War I, the idea of an atmospheric-use variable fighter would be resurrected years later to provide an inexpensive combat mecha for various planetary defense forces with the VF-3000 " Star Crusader " and the VF-5000 " Star Mirage ".

Her alter ego is the " Toweled Crusader ".

* In the computer game Stronghold Crusader A randomly generated name of an adversary " the Rat " is sometimes " Duc de Puce ".

This is counterpointed with a dialogue between a Crusader and his enemy in which both men are trying to kill the other " in the name of Jesus ".

He had a column in The Mirror called " Justice with Jacobs " and then one in the Daily Express called " New Crusader ".

According to Peter Heather, Theodoric's former governor Theudis was implicated in Amalaric's murder, " and was certainly its prime beneficiary.

As chairman of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense, Johnson continued his relentless opposition to spending, especially when the capital city was the beneficiary ; he argued it was egregious to expect citizens in other states to fund the infrastructure of another locality, regardless of the fact it was the seat of government.

President Fernández, who grew up in New York, was the principal beneficiary of this law.

Diocletian was conservative in matters of religion, a man faithful to the traditional Roman pantheon and understanding of demands for religious purification, but Eusebius, Lactantius and Constantine state that it was Galerius, not Diocletian, who was the prime supporter of the purge, and its greatest beneficiary.

The Bengalis were also upset that West Pakistan, because it was the seat of government, was the major beneficiary of foreign aid.

Scientists soon began to realize that the Great Auk was disappearing and it became the beneficiary of many early environmental laws, but this proved not to be enough.

A chief beneficiary of this surplus was the American Revolution.

In March 2005, Madagascar was the first beneficiary of development aid offered by the United States in a plan aimed at rewarding countries determined by Washington to be putting forth market reforms and advocating democracy.

The beneficiary of the overwhelming opposition during Bennett's tenure was the Liberal Party.

After Gustav Vasa's siege of Stockholm, he restored the privileges of the city which was beneficiary to the burghers of the city.

The Russian state was the largest beneficiary.

In other words, the grantor may be deemed to be a beneficiary of the portion of the equitable title that was not properly provided for in the trust document.

The Florida Supreme Court then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax-exempt bonds for public projects within the district despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions.

Stark was not the only beneficiary of unexpected reinforcements.

Baird was the direct beneficiary of Korn's research and success.

With the insurgent candidacies of Republican Pat Buchanan and Democrat Jerry Brown winding down, Perot was the natural beneficiary of populist resentment toward establishment politicians.

In 1873 he was made the beneficiary of a fellowship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and gave up teaching at Balliol.

Though Raeder often disagreed with Hitler on strategy, he was the beneficiary of huge bribes.