Crusader art is mainly a hybrid of Catholic and Byzantine styles, with little Islamic influence, but the Mozarabic art of Christians in Al Andaluz seems to show considerable influence from Islamic art, though the results are little like contemporary Islamic works.

Despite its predominantly military character, the castle is one of the few sites where Crusader art ( in the form of frescoes ) has been preserved.

The monastery was an important centre for the development of the hybrid style of Crusader art, and still retains over 120 icons created in the style, by far the largest collection in existence.

It is a notable example Crusader art, which resulted from a merging of the artistic styles of Roman Catholic Europe, the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire and the art of the Armenian illuminated manuscript.

* Samurai Crusader: manga ( art )

He was extremely skeptical of Peter Bartholomew's discovery in Antioch of the Holy Lance, especially because he knew such a relic already existed in Constantinople ; however, he was willing to let the Crusader army believe it was real if it raised their morale.

Bethlehem — along with Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Sidon — was briefly ceded to the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem by a treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders.

After the success of his siege of Carcassonne, which followed the massacre at Béziers, Simon de Montfort was designated as leader of the Crusader army.

It was during the period of Crusader rule in Syria ( 1099 – 1291 ) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the Chouf Mountains.

In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the Tanukhs and the Arslans.

During the Crusades, Galilee was organized into the Principality of Galilee, one of the most important Crusader seigneuries.

Rifleman John Beeley was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during Operation Crusader.

The Crusader force enjoyed early success against Shirkuh's troops, but the terrain was too steep and sandy for their horses, and commander Hugh of Caesarea was captured while attacking Saladin's unit.

Also, there was a chance that the Crusader kingdom — which acted as a buffer state between Syria and Egypt — could have collapsed had the two leaders attacked it from the east and the coast.

" Saladin aimed to counter this propaganda by ending the siege, claiming he was defending Islam from the Crusaders ; his army returned to Hama to engage a Crusader force there.

In the spring of 1178, he was encamped under the walls of Homs and a few skirmishes occurred between his generals and the Crusader army.

It was not an attempt to extend the Crusader influence into that sea or to capture its trade routes, but merely a piratical move.

Al-Maqrizi added to the rumor by claiming Muhammad's tomb was going to be relocated to Crusader territory so Muslims would make pilgrimages there.

In this battle alone the Crusader force was largely annihilated by Saladin's determined army.

Tyre, on the coast of modern-day Lebanon, was the last major Crusader city that was not captured by Muslim forces ( strategically, it would have made more sense for Saladin to capture Tyre before Jerusalem — however, Saladin chose to pursue Jerusalem first because of the importance of the city to Islam ).

However, the construction of a sloping talus at the base of a castle wall ( as was common in Crusader fortification ) could have reduced the effectiveness of this tactic to an extent.

The hilt of a sword formed a cross with the blade, so if a crucifix was not available, a Crusader could kiss the hilt of his sword when praying, before entering battle, for oaths and vows, and so on.

The Crusader was the " beneficiary " and the acquaintance the " trustee ".

Crisis at Crusader Citadel was an introductory adventure, a V & V supplement published in 1982 by Fantasy Games Unlimited, written and illustrated by Dee and Herman.

Her father Baldwin was a crusader knight who carved out the Crusader State of Edessa and married Morphia, daughter of the Armenian Prince Gabriel of Melitene, in a diplomatic marriage to fortify alliances in the region.

* Crusader was one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were built for and run on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915

" He refers to Benjamin of Tudela who, during the late Crusader Period in around 1167 CE, wrote that " In front of this place is the Western Wall, which is one of the walls of the Holy of Holies.

The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th-and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land, and during the Northern Crusades in the eastern Baltic area.

Richard meanwhile began to resume his journey to Acre and, with much needed respite, new funds and reinforcements, set sail for the Holy Land accompanied by the King of Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan, and various other high ranking nobles of the Western Crusader states.

The Western influence in the area was finally obliterated by the victories of the Muslim Mamluks over the Crusader States in the 13th century.

XXX Corps played a major role in the Western Desert Campaign, where it was initially formed for the British armoured units in North Africa in preparation for Operation Crusader, the last British attempt to relieve the siege of Tobruk.

Crusader tanks in Western Desert, 26 November 1941.

The first entailed Greek intellectuals, such as Basilios Bessarion, Georgius Plethon Gemistos and Marcos Mousouros, migrating to other parts of Western Europe and influencing the advent of the Renaissance ( though the large scale migration of Greeks to other parts of Europe, most notably Italian university cities, began far earlier, following the Crusader capture of Constantinople ).

* Nicolle, David ( 1999 ) Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era, 1050-1350: Western Europe and the Crusader States.

During early World War II, the Crusader was probably the best-known cruiser, it was first used in mid 1941 and thereafter used in large numbers in the Western Desert Campaign.

These scenarios cover the Western and Eastern Fronts, as well as the Mediterranean and Pacific Theaters and include classic battles such as: Operation Crusader ; Operation Amherst ; and two different renditions of Sword Beach-all designed for the 13 x 17 hex Breakthrough format.

After the Crusader States ceased to exist, the empty title of King of Jerusalem was claimed by numerous Western kings and princes.

Nevertheless, its Western counterparts that were operationally available in the 1950s, such as the US M19 GMC ( based on the M24 Chaffee light tank ) and the M42 Duster SPAAGs ( both armed with the famous 40 mm Bofors M2A1 twin AA gun ) and the British Crusader AA SPAAG which was armed with a single 40 mm Bofors AA gun, had similar problems and were armed with less powerful weapons.

He had numerous roles in Western series, including Frontier, Crusader, My Friend Flicka ( three times ), Boots and Saddles, Northwest Passage, The Restless Gun ( four times ), Sheriff of Cochise, State Trooper, Wagon Train ( 4 times ), Overland Trail, Laramie ( 4 times ), The Big Valley, Daniel Boone, The Legend of Jesse James, Death Valley Days, Zane Grey Theater ( 4 times ), The Rifleman ( 3 times ), Rawhide, Gunsmoke ( 10 times ), Bonanza ( 4 times ), Laredo ( The Treasure of San Diablo ) and The Oregon Trail.

* Robert of Ketton and Herman of Carinthia travel throughout France, the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusader States.

They visited the Byzantine Empire, the Crusader States in Palestine, and Damascus.

In the process he made alliances with the Pope and the resurgent west, invaded Italy, successfully handled the passage of the dangerous Second Crusade through his empire, and established a Byzantine protectorate over the Crusader states of Outremer.

And in the Levant, a new force had appeared – the Crusader states – who presented the Byzantine Empire with new challenges.

The collapse of the Crusader States was offset by Genoa ’ s alliance with the Byzantine Empire.

In an effort to demonstrate the Byzantine ideal of the emperor's role as the leader of the Christian world, John marched into Muslim Syria at the head of the combined forces of Byzantium and the Crusader states ; yet despite the great vigour with which he pressed the campaign, John's hopes were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies, who deliberately failed to fight against their common Muslim enemies at the crucial moment.

In the Crusader states of the Levant it was generally admitted that the Byzantine claims over Antioch were legally valid, though it was pragmatically viewed that only when the Byzantine emperor was in a position to enforce them militarily were they likely to be recognised in practice.

The Byzantine desire to be seen as holding a level of suzerainty over all of the Crusader states was taken seriously, as evidenced by the alarm shown in the Kingdom of Jerusalem when John informed King Fulk of his plan for an armed pilgrimage to the Holy City ( 1142 ).

Substantial territories had been recovered, and his successes against the invading Pechenegs, Hungarians, Serbians and Seljuq Turks, along with his attempts to establish Byzantine suzerainty over the Crusader States in Antioch and Edessa, did much to restore the reputation of his empire.

The Byzantine emperor wanted the help of the Crusader soldiers to recapture lands that the Seljuk Turks had taken.

The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople ( original Latin name: Imperium Romaniae, " Empire of Romania ") is the name given by historians to the feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire.

Boniface and Alexios discussed diverting the Crusade to Constantinople so that Alexios could be restored to his father's throne ; in return, Alexios would give them 10, 000 Byzantine soldiers to help fight in the Crusade, maintain 500 knights in the Holy Land, the service of the Byzantine navy ( 20 ships ) in transporting the Crusader army to Egypt, as well as money to pay off the Crusaders ' debt to the Republic of Venice with 200, 000 silver marks.

Although a residual Byzantine state known as the Empire of Nicaea survived the Crusader onslaught and eventually recovered Constantinople ( 1261 ), many of the original Byzantine territories, including Paros, were lost permanently to the crusading powers.

No Crusader era buildings have been found in al-Bassa, and a cross once dated to the Crusader period was later re-dated to the Byzantine era.

Finds include a large building, numerous potsherds from the Late Roman period, a bronze coin from the first or second century CE, remains of an ancient olive press, glass vessels such as a wine goblet and bottles dated to the Late Byzantine and Umayyad periods ( seventh and first half of eighth centuries CE ) and an underground water reservoir A few potsherds from the Crusader and Mamluk periods were also found.

Later, it was controlled successively by the Assyrian Empire, Persian Empire, Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, the Caliphate, the Seljuk Empire, Crusader States, the Mamluks, the Ottoman Empire and France.

A sounding made in the Crusader castle uncovered Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, in addition to Roman, Byzantine, and Fatimid remains.

One of the Crusader leaders, Bohemond of Antioch, was besieging the Byzantine port of Latakia, and Dagobert and the Pisans agreed to help by blockading the port from the sea.

However, the other Crusader leaders, who saw the necessity for cooperation with the Byzantine Emperor and eastern Christians, were horrified and persuaded Dagobert to call off the blockade.