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The Demotic script was referred to by the Egyptians as " document writing ," which the 2nd century scholar Clement of Alexandria called ( epistolographikē ) " letter writing ," while early Western scholars, notably Thomas Young, formerly referred to it as ' Enchorial Egyptian '.
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Demotic and script
In later Pahlavi papyri, up to half of the remaining graphic distinctions of these twelve letters were lost, and the script could no longer be read as a sequence of letters at all, but instead each word had to be learned as a whole — that is, they had become logograms as in Egyptian Demotic.
The Rosetta Stone is an ancient Egyptian granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek.
At the time of the stone's discovery, the Swedish diplomat and scholar Johan David Åkerblad was working on a little-known script of which some examples had recently been found in Egypt, which came to be known as Demotic.
He also noticed that these characters resembled the equivalent ones in the Demotic script, and went on to note as many as 80 similarities between the hieroglyphic and demotic texts on the stone, an important discovery because the two scripts were previously thought to be entirely different from one another.
* Demotic becomes the dominant script of ancient Egypt
* 660 BC: First known use of the Demotic script.
* Last known usage of Demotic script in Egypt.
Demotic was written using a script derived from hieratic ; its appearance is vaguely similar to modern Arabic script and is also written from right to left ( although the two are not related ).
Coptic and Demotic Egyptian are grammatically closely akin to Late Egyptian, which was written in the Hieroglyphic script.
The discovery of the Rosetta Stone, a tablet written in ancient Greek, Egyptian Demotic script, and Egyptian hieroglyphs, has partially been credited for the recent stir in the study of Ancient Egypt.
* 660 BC: First known use of the Demotic script.
The repertoire of glyphs is based on the Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic and is the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language.
Around 660 BC, the Demotic script ( and later Greek ) replaced hieratic in most secular writing, but hieratic continued to be used by the priestly class for several more centuries, at least into the 3rd century AD.
During the Graeco-Roman period, when Demotic ( and later Greek ) had become the chief administrative script, hieratic was limited primarily to religious texts.
This type of writing was superseded by Demotic — a Lower Egyptian scribal tradition — during the 26th Dynasty when Demotic was established as a standard administrative script throughout a re-unified Egypt.
Related to this are the Demotic signs of the Meroitic script and the borrowed Demotic characters used in the Coptic alphabet and Old Nubian.
He became director of the School of Egyptology at Cairo, producing numerous very valuable works and pioneering the decipherment of Demotic, the simplified script of the later Egyptian periods.
* Demotic ( Egyptian ), a script and stage of the Egyptian language
Demotic ( from dēmotikós, " popular ") refers to either the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Delta, or the stage of the Egyptian language following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic.
After the reunification of Egypt under Psametik I, Demotic replaced Abnormal Hieratic in Upper Egypt, particularly during the reign of Amasis when it became the official administrative and legal script.
The last dated example of the Demotic script is dated to December 11, AD.
Demotic and was
Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell ( the Evangeliaka ).
Coptic therefore is a reference both to the most recent stage of Egyptian after Demotic, and to the new writing system that was adapted from the Greek alphabet.
With the spread of Christianity in Egypt, by the late 3rd century, knowledge of hieroglyphic writing was lost, as well as Demotic slightly later, making way for a writing system more closely associated with the Christian church.
In Demotic, the cartouche was reduced to a pair of parentheses and a vertical line.
The word was later written in Demotic as Pỉt, and as Phaiat in Coptic, a name for Libya Aegypti, northwestern Egypt.
Demotic refers particularly to the form of the language that evolved naturally from ancient Greek, in opposition to the artificially archaic Katharevousa, which was the official standard until 1976.
*- σθ-( e. g. ηρκέσθην / αρκέσθηκα " I was sufficed / satisfied "); Demotic preferred-στ-( e. g. αρκέστηκα )
The standard form of Demotic which developed over the next few decades made more compromises with Katharevousa ( as is reflected in the contemporary standard ), and despite acrimony between the " psicharist " ( ψυχαρικοί ) radicals and the moderates, the radical strand was ultimately marginalised.
When Demotic was made official in 1976, the legislation stated that the Demotic used would be " without extremist and dialectal forms "— the " extremism " being a reference to Psichari's forms.
Egyptian hieroglyphs were solved using the Rosetta Stone, which was a multilingual stele in Classical Greek, Demotic Egyptian and Classical Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Use of the Demotic dialect in state speech and paperwork was forbidden.
Ioannis ( or Yannis ) Psycharis ( Greek: Ιωάννης ( Γιάννης ) Ψυχάρης ; French: Jean Psychari ; 1854 – 1929 ) was a French philologist of Greek origin, author and promoter of Demotic Greek.
It was written in three writing systems: Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek, on an ancient Egyptian memorial stone stele, the Stone of Canopus.
Upon reaching the shores of Greece via sailing merchants, it is proposed that the Greek alphabet was developed by a combination of the Phoenician form and the Egyptian Demotic.
Demotic and referred
A cache of over 2, 000 Greek and Demotic letters and documents written on papyri by Zeno were discovered in the 1900s and are referred to as the Zenon Archive or Zenon Papyri.
Early Demotic ( often referred to by the German term Frühdemotisch ) developed in Lower Egypt during the later part of the 25th dynasty, particularly found on stelae from the Serapeum at Saqqara.
Demotic and by
These decrees were engraved on stelae in three scripts to be read and understood by all: Demotic, hieroglyphic, and Greek.
While Demotic is a term applied to the naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, the modern Greek language of today ( Standard Modern Greek ; Νεοελληνική Κοινή ) is more like a fusion of Demotic and Katharevousa ; it can be viewed as a variety of Demotic which has been enriched by " educated " elements.
The fall of the Junta of 1974 and the end of the era of Metapolítefsi 1974 – 1976 brought the acceptance of the Demotic dialect as both the de facto and de jure forms of the language for use by the Greek government, though the Katharevousa movement has left marks in the language.
This may have also been assisted by the eventual availability of papyrus as well as the evolution of the hieroglyphs into the more comprehensible forms of Hieratic ( from the Greek ' hieros ' meaning ' sacred ' and coined by Herodotus ( c. 484-424 BCE )) and Demotic.
* Thus Wrote ' Onchsheshonqy: An Introductory Grammar of Demotic by Janet H. Johnson
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