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The EDFA was first demonstrated several years later by a group including David N. Payne, R. Mears, and L. Reekie, from the University of Southampton and a group from AT & T Bell Laboratories, E. Desurvire, P. Becker, and J. Simpson.
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EDFA and several
The gain spectrum of the EDFA has several peaks that are smeared by the above broadening mechanisms.
The signal is amplified by an EDFA, which usually consists of several amplifier stages.
EDFA and by
Unlike the EDFA and SOA the amplification effect is achieved by a nonlinear interaction between the signal and a pump laser within an optical fiber.
The pump power required for Raman amplification is higher than that required by the EDFA, with in excess of 500 mW being required to achieve useful levels of gain in a distributed amplifier.
In terms of multi-wavelength signals, so long as the EDFA has enough pump energy available to it, it can amplify as many optical signals as can be multiplexed into its amplification band ( though signal densities are limited by choice of modulation format ).
EDFAs therefore allow a single-channel optical link to be upgraded in bit rate by replacing only equipment at the ends of the link, while retaining the existing EDFA or series of EDFAs through a long haul route.
EDFA and .
The most common example is the Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA ), where the core of a silica fiber is doped with trivalent Erbium ions and can be efficiently pumped with a laser at a wavelength of 980 nm or 1, 480 nm, and exhibits gain in the 1, 550 nm region.
The erbium-doped fiber amplifier ( EDFA ) is the most deployed fiber amplifier as its amplification window coincides with the third transmission window of silica-based optical fiber.
However, those regions have not seen any significant commercial use so far and so those amplifiers have not been the subject of as much development as the EDFA.
It can be potentially less expensive than the EDFA and can be integrated with semiconductor lasers, modulators, etc.
However, the performance is still not comparable with the EDFA.
However it provides the possibility for gain in different wavelength regions from the EDFA.
EDFA provide an efficient wideband amplification for the C-band, Raman amplification adds a mechanism for amplification in the L-band.
The terminal multiplexer may or may not also support a local EDFA for power amplification of the multi-wavelength optical signal.
The OSC carries information about the multi-wavelength optical signal as well as remote conditions at the optical terminal or EDFA site.
was and first
But her prettiness was what he had noticed first, and all the other things had come afterward: cruelty, meanness, self-will.
There was an artificial lake just out of sight in the first stand of trees, fed by a half dozen springs that popped out of the ground above the hillside orchard.
The first part of the road was steep, but it leveled off after the second bend and curled gradually into the valley.
No one was behind it, but in the rear wall of the office I noticed, for the first time, a door which had been left partially open.
The herd was watered and then thrown onto a broad grass flat which was to be the first night's bedground.
Once again, Tom Horn was the first and most likely suspect, and he was brought in for questioning immediately.
For Matilda, it was the first she had known in many a night.
Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.
Stevens was grunting over the last empty pocket when Russ abruptly rose and lunged toward Carmer's hat, which had tumbled half-a-dozen feet away when he first fell.
The Indian's arm whipped sidewise -- there was a flash of amber and froth, the crash of the bottle shattering against the side of the first car.
It was her first smile.
At first, I thought he was out of his head, talking wildly like this.
Hell, I gave him the first decent job he ever had, six, seven -- how many years ago was it, Rob ''??
Miss Langford ( her first name was Evelyn ) was an attractive girl.
School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.
It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening, for the room was to become his prison cell.
`` Bastards '', he would say, `` all I did was put a beat to that Vivaldi stuff, and the first chair clobbered me ''!!
In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.
The first systematic thinking about this Pandora's box within Pandora's boxes was done four years ago by Fred Ikle, a frail, meek-mannered Swiss-born sociologist.
The smell at first was more surprising than unpleasant.
His collaboration with Washington, begun when he was the general's aide during the Revolution, was resumed when he entered the first Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury.
was and demonstrated
If his scholarship and formal musicianship were not all they might have been, Mercer demonstrated at an early age that he was gifted with a remarkable ear for rhythm and dialect.
it was demonstrated, many critics would later point out, in the length of his novels.
This machine was demonstrated in two textile machinery exhibitions last year and was well received by the industry.
Such a dual derivation was strikingly demonstrated during the injection process where initial filling would be noted to occur in several isolated pleural vessels at once.
As early as 1913 Ghoreyeb and Karsner demonstrated with perfusion studies in dogs that bronchial artery flow would remain constant at a certain low level when pressure was maintained in the pulmonary artery and vein, but that increases in bronchial artery flow would occur in response to a relative drop in pulmonary artery pressure.
Thus, the Span of its ossification was shortened and the center's ability to `` catch up '' in ossification is demonstrated.
In experiments with topical application of strychnine on the cerebral cortex, the transmission of impulses from the cortex to the hypothalamus was demonstrated.
Each subject center library was chosen because of its demonstrated strength in a particular area, which headquarters could then build upon.
Django Reinhardt, the ill-fated gypsy, was a true artist, one who demonstrated conclusively the power of art to renew itself and flow into many channels.
Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series ( from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive ) must have 15 members — no fewer and no more — which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.
This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent major cracking.
Another study has demonstrated that daily use of an alum-containing mouthrinse was safe and produced a significant effect on plaque that supplemented the benefits of daily toothbrushing.
The display of potency from Aaron's rod had already been demonstrated in the presence of Pharaoh's magicians ; when Aaron's rod was thrown down to the ground it had turned into a snake, so Pharaoh's magicians performed the same act with their own rods.
The term was also used to describe sculpture and painting that demonstrated a greater degree of naturalism.
It was demonstrated in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California.
The initial funds were released in September, and the 11-tube prototype was first demonstrated in October, 1939.
Abler demonstrated that a plexiglass bar with kerfs and drilled holes was more than 25 % stronger than one with only regularly placed incisions.
There is no distinction made in Scotland between assault and battery ( which is not a term used in Scots law ), although, as in England and Wales, assault can be occasioned without a physical attack on another's person, as demonstrated in Atkinson v. HM Advocate wherein the accused was found guilty of assaulting a shop assistant by simply jumping over a counter wearing a ski mask.
On the other hand, it now seems practically demonstrated that Alain de Lille was the author of the Ars catholicae fidei and the treatise Contra haereticos.
In the Middle East, the Suez crisis of 1956 as well as the preceding crisis in Iran, demonstrated the sharp upsurge of nationalism, which was as assertive of the region's social and economic aspirations as of its political independence.
For example, antibacterial selection within whole bacterial populations for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria – Delbrück experiment.
In " Mémoire sur la combustion en général " (" On Combustion in General ," 1777 ) and " Considérations générales sur la nature des acides " (" General Considerations on the Nature of Acids ," 1778 ), he demonstrated that the " air " responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity.
Plato used the word aeon to denote the eternal world of ideas, which he conceived was " behind " the perceived world, as demonstrated in his famous allegory of the cave.
Amerigo Vespucci () ( March 9, 1454February 22, 1512 ) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus ' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Afro-Eurasians.
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