The balalaika orchestra in its full form — balalaikas, domras, gusli, bayan, kugiklas, Vladimir Shepherd's Horns, garmoshkas and several types of percussion instruments — has a distinctive sound: strangely familiar to the ear, yet decidedly not entirely Western European.

The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira ( Greek: λύρα, Latin: lira, English: lyre ), a bowed string instrument of the Byzantine Empire and ancestor of most European bowed instruments.

Lira spread widely westward to Europe ; in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments ( Encyclopædia Britannica.

They are chromatic instruments and are usually played in an East Asian harmonica orchestra instead of the " push-button " chromatic harmonica that is more common in the European / American tradition.

In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments, particularly the violin, which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances.

In those two languages, the name flauta is ambiguous, as it can mean any kind of transverse flutes, a recorder, or different other types of wind blown instruments, like the pan flute and some instruments used by the descendants of native peoples of the Central and South Americas ( with varied degrees of influence of European instruments ).

The modern European violin evolved from various bowed stringed instruments from the Middle East and the Byzantine Empire.

It included various percussion instruments, often adopted in European military music ( as ' Janissary music ') The pitched bass drum is still known in some languages as the Turkish Drum.

* The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2000 ) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights.

The popularity of financial spread betting in the UK and some other European countries, compared to trading other speculative financial instruments such as CFDs and futures is partly due to this tax advantage.

Framed free reeds are used on ancient Asian instruments such as the Chinese shēng, Japanese shō, and Laotian khene, and modern European instruments such as the harmonium or reed organ, harmonica, concertina, bandoneón, accordion, and Russian bayan.

In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level ( in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD ) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

Indeed, the subsequent use of cymbals and other such percussive instruments in European ' classical ' music was a direct importation from the Ottomans.

While the dates of origin and other evolutionary details of the European bowed yoke lyres continue to be disputed among organologists, there is general agreement that none of them were the ancestors of modern orchestral bowed stringed instruments, as once was thought.

In European classical music, a piano quintet is a work of chamber music written for piano and four other instruments, most commonly piano, two violins, viola, and cello ( i. e., piano and string quartet ).

In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of musical instruments, lamellophones are considered plucked idiophones, a category that includes various forms of jaw harp and the European mechanical music box, as well as the huge variety of African and Afro-Latin thumb pianos such as the mbira and marimbula.

Mahillon limited his system, for the most part, to instruments used in European classical music.

Having reached the required number of instruments in order for the treaty to enter into force ( 40 ) on 31 March 2004, on which date 13 instruments ( including the European Union ) were deposited with the Director-General of FAO, the date of entry into force was on 29 June 2004.

The Presidency of the European Union adopted a declaration on the occasion stating that " This battle was also the grounds on which the international community of States has developed and adopted instruments of International Humanitarian Law, the international law rules relevant in times of armed conflict, in particular the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, the 60th anniversary of which will be celebrated this year.

By the beginning of the 1960s, Australian classical music erupted with influences, with composers incorporating disparate elements into their work, ranging from Aboriginal and south-east Asian music and instruments, to American jazz and blues, to the belated discovery of European atonality and the avant-garde.

The United States might well have exploited the opportunity provided by the European Recovery Program to push the hesitant European nations toward political federation as well as economic cooperation, but all proposals to this effect were rejected by the United States Government at the time.

We were at a party once and heard an idealistic young European call that awful charge glorious.

Now, with virtually every writer, not only was the European origin of public law acknowledged as a historical phenomenon, but the rules thus established by the advanced civilizations of Europe were to be imposed on others.

The European customs on which international law was based were to become, by force and fiat, the customs that others were to accept as law if they were to join this community as sovereign states.

These deerskins were the raw material for the manufacture of leather, and were the only articles which the tribes of this district had to exchange for European goods.

Socio-cultural anthropology is considered anthropology proper in most of Europe, and in the parts of the world that were influenced by the European tradition.

While Durkheim and others examined the state of modern societies, Mauss and his collaborators ( such as Henri Hubert and Robert Hertz ) drew on ethnography and philology to analyze societies that were not as ' differentiated ' as European nation states.

Since many European typewriters placed the parentheses with 8 and 9, those corresponding positions were chosen for the parentheses.

In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the “ custom of nations ” demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain.

After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.

According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but outbreaks after European colonization, in 1921 ( 185 cases ), 1931 ( 76 cases ), and 1944 ( 95 cases ), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.

Although Romanticism and Neoclassicism were philosophically opposed, they were the dominant European styles for generations, and many artists were affected to a greater or lesser degree by both.

Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity, and civil wars, in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands allies from nations they had subjugated ( e. g. Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro.

Where in the beginning locally found agates were used to make all types of objects for the European market, this became a globalized business around the turn of the 20th century: Idar-Oberstein imported large quantities of agate from Brazil, as ship's ballast.

Both European ( the coastal regions, such as the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Asturias ) and Overseas – Antilles and pacific were able to grow uninterruptedly.

The early translators included Mashallah, who helped to elect the time for the foundation of Baghdad, and Sahl ibn Bishr, ( a. k. a. Zael ), whose texts were directly influential upon later European astrologers such as Guido Bonatti in the 13th century, and William Lilly in the 17th century.

Another problem is that Dutton's categories seek to universalise traditional European notions of aesthetics and art forgetting that, as André Malraux and others have pointed out, there have been large numbers of cultures in which such ideas ( including the idea " art " itself ) were non-existent.

The series spawned a total of six distinct models: The CPC464, CPC664, and CPC6128 were highly successful competitors in the European home computer market.

Angel-shaped beings appear in ancient Mesopotamian and Greek art and were probably the inspiration for the popular Christian image of angels, a popular subject for Byzantine and European paintings and sculpture.

A number of species have come to be considered invasive, including, most notably in North America, dandelion, which was originally introduced by European settlers who used the young leaves as a salad green.

The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music.

To accomplish his aims he introduced into the court the saqalibah, slaves of East European origin.

British Columbian introduced species include: common dandelion, ring-necked pheasant, Pacific oyster, brown trout, black slug, European Starling, cowbird, knapweed, bullfrog, purple loosestrife, Scotch broom, Himalayan blackberry, European earwig, tent caterpillar, sowbug, gray squirrel, Asian longhorn beetle, English ivy, Fallow Deer, thistle, gorse, Norway rat, crested mynah, and Asian or European gypsy moth.

Conversely, Michel de Montaigne's essay " Of cannibals " introduced a new multicultural note in European civilization.

The most recent bank model, was introduced together with the euro, involves coordination of the European national banks, which continue to manage their respective economies separately in all respects other than currency exchange and base interest rates.

During the late 19th century European and American companies introduced railways to carry to the ports the local production of raw materials intended for exports and also imports from Europe.

Although introduced in France by the pieds noirs ( people of European descent who used to live in Algeria ), many couscous restaurants are now owned by people originating from Algeria.

The Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of citizenship of the European Union.

The first European contact with chocolate came when Montezuma ( then tlatoani of Tenochtitlan ) introduced Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, to xocolatl in the 16th century.

The European Pro Electron coding system for active components was introduced in 1966 and comprises two letters followed by the part code.

European Truck Common Rail system with the IFA truck type W50 introduced.

Fibonacci's 1202 book Liber Abaci introduced the sequence to Western European mathematics, although the sequence had been described earlier in Indian mathematics.

Kale, lettuce, and other herbs were successfully introduced, but repeated attempts to cultivate wheat or clover failed throughout Greenland, limiting the ability to raise European livestock.

In 1800 Lieven Bauwens, having smuggled the plans out of England, introduced the first mechanical weaving machine on the European continent.

The 1991 Council Directive 91 / 477 / EEC started the process of creating a new common legal system for gun owners in the EU, and introduced the European Firearms Pass for owners carrying firearms from one member state to another.

It was probably wiped out along with much of the native fauna of these islands in the late 19th century, when new invasive species such as rats and stoats were introduced to the country during European colonization.

In the 1880s he introduced old age pensions, accident insurance, medical care, and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern European welfare state.

The European rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the Norman invasion of 1066.

In 2010, new regulations were passed in the US and European Union, which ( among other changes ) introduced new hedge fund reporting requirements.

The impi clashed with another tactical system introduced by European settlers: the horse-gun system of the Boer Commando.

The only western province where the Justinianic code was introduced was Italy ( after the conquest, by the so-called Pragmatic Sanction of 554 ), from where it was to pass to Western Europe in the 12th century and become the basis of much European law code.

Whalers, slave traders, and merchant vessels arrived in great numbers in the 19th century, and the resulting upheaval fomented local tribal conflicts and introduced damaging European diseases.