) The Fenian Movement ( Mercier Press, 1968 )

He managed to find work almost immediately as a hotel porter, but more importantly, he made contact with the American arm of the Fenian Movement, Clan na Gael.

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires ( and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ), in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion, Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars, Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars, Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.

* 1866 – 1, 800 Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after they loot and plunder around Saint-Armand and Frelighsburg, Quebec.

* May 26 – Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom.

The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican organization founded in the United States in 1858 by John O ' Mahony and Michael Doheny.

The Fenian Brotherhood trace their origins back to 1798 and the United Irishmen, who had been an open political organization only to be suppressed and became a secret revolutionary organization, rose in rebellion, seeking an end to British rule in Ireland and the establishment of an Irish Republic.

In the United States, O ' Mahony's presidency over the Fenian Brotherhood was being increasingly challenged by William R. Roberts.

Born in Clontibret, Co Monaghan, Ireland, he had previously served as a Colonel in the United States Army before resigning his commission and becoming active in the Fenian Brotherhood.

Moderating his radical Irish nationalist views, McGee denounced the Fenian Brotherhood in America that advocated a forcible takeover of Canada from Britain by the United States.

In the late 1860s, the Fenian Brotherhood was an association of Irish-American veterans of the American Civil War who plotted to free Ireland from British rule by striking at the United Kingdom's colonies that lay within easy striking distance.

In Canada, Arthur, as an officer with the Montreal detachment of the Rifle Brigade, undertook a year's training and engaged in defending the Dominion from the Fenian Raids ; there had initially been concern that the Fenians and their supporters in the United States might harm the Prince, but it was decided his military duty was primary.

* The Fenian raids, based in the United States, also targeted Canada between 1866 and 1871.

Its counterpart in the United States of America was organized by John O ' Mahony and became known as the Fenian Brotherhood ( later Clan na Gael ). The members of both wings of the movement are often referred to as " Fenians ".

Corunna was not chosen, as it was seen as being too close to the American border — in the 1820s-1830s, the prospect of an Irish Fenian raid from the United States was considered a serious threat to the British colonies.

Colonists in the United Province of Canada, some who experienced their territory being attacked by the United States only 40 years earlier ( in the War of 1812 ), were uncomfortably close to the giant Union Army and faced terrorist attacks during the mid-19th century in the form of Fenian raids.

The tensions between the United States and Britain, which had been ignited by the war and made worse by the Fenian Raids, led to concern for the security and independence of the colonies, helping to consolidate momentum for the confederation of the colonies in 1867.

He was actively employed the following year in connexion with the Fenian raids from the United States, and was appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General in Canada on 1 October 1867.

Some of these escaped to the United States, where they linked up with other Irish exiles to form the Fenian Brotherhood.

The Fenian movement consisted of the Fenian Brotherhood and the Irish Republican Brotherhood ( IRB ), fraternal organisations founded in the United States and Ireland respectively with the aim of establishing an independent republic in Ireland.

The Fenian Brotherhood was the IRB's counterpart organisation, formed in the same year in the United States by O ' Mahony and Doheny.

The Fenian Brotherhood's main purpose was to supply weapons and funds for its Irish counterpart and raise support for the Irish republican movement in the United States.

According to author David Gardner, who discovered the " Hitler family " in the United States, Adolf Hitler visited the Dowling family in Dublin, presumably in Fenian St. Gardner was unable to find any other living relations willing to admit a direct relation to Adolf Hitler.

In 1866, the troop was the only cavalry in Upper Canada to be placed on active duty, engaged and employed against the Fenian Irish Republican Army invasion from the United States.

Between 1866 and 1871, the Fenian raids of the Fenian Brotherhood, who were based in the United States, on British army forts, customs posts and other targets in Canada, were fought to bring pressure on Britain to withdraw from Ireland.

A Fenian commander was Brigadier General Thomas William Sweeny who was arrested by the United States government for his involvement ; however, he later served in the Regular Army until his retirement in 1870.

The Fenian movement in Ireland and the United States sought to overthrow British rule in Ireland.

The Anti-Transportation League, a group founded in 1849 which was opposed to the transportation of convicts to Australia, argued that such a " Fenian " colony could separate from the British Empire, due to its then largely Irish Catholic make up.

* Fenian Brotherhood Collection at the American Catholic Historical Society, digitized by Villanova University's Digital Library

Patrick J. Whelan, a Fenian sympathizer and a Catholic, was accused, tried, convicted, and hanged for the crime.

He argues that the Fenian element among the Canadian Catholic Irish was powerful in the 1860s.

The Catholic Irish in Canada felt discrimination from Protestants, especially after the Fenian raids — an attempted invasion by Catholics based in the U. S. in 1866 and 1870.

Bourke warned Devoy that there would be " kickers " and he would have to have a heavy hand to control the Clan na Gael and succeed in the project ( Proceedings of the United Brotherhood Convention, Cleveland Ohio September 1874 held at the Fenian archives at the Catholic University of America ).

Distinguished among the thousands of its past students was one the first ever Catholic bishops to be appointed in the United States, John England ; the man who single-handedly brought Catholicism to Australia, John Therry ; Ireland's first Cardinal, Paul Cullen ; the artist Frank O ' Meara ; the Young Irelander and land-reform theorist, James Fintan Lalor and the Fenian John O ' Leary, friend of W. B.

* Jenkins, Brian, The Fenian Problem: Insurgency and Terrorism in a Liberal State, 1858 – 1874 ( Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press.

The acronym IRA was first used by the IRB organisation in America ( also known as the Fenian Brotherhood ).

" In 1856 O ' Mahony went to America and founded the Fenian Brotherhood in 1858.

He believed that the Fenian agitation was caused by America.

Archibald continued to pursue a policy of conciliation with the province's Métis population, encouraging them to register their lands and even meeting with Louis Riel after an armed Métis band had defended the government against Fenian invaders from America.

* Fenian Park listed in Geographic Name Approvals in Western Australia July / September 1999 and October / December 1999 Volume 15, numbers 3 and 4 ISSN 0817-265X-page 6 "' Reserve 45390 adjacent Kurrajong Circle, Glen Iris: in 1876 several Fenians ... fled to America aboard the whaling barque Catalpa: City of Bunbury 33 ° 20 ′ 50 ″ S 115 ° 40 ′ 51 ″ E

After his release in 1877, Davitt travelled to America to meet John Devoy, the leading Irish-American Fenian and raise funds.

In mid 1863 Stephens informed his colleagues he wished to start a newspaper, with financial aid from O ’ Mahony and the Fenian Brotherhood in America.

He became the right-hand man of the great John Devoy, the most important surviving Fenian in North America, placing Clarke into the leadership hierarchy.

In 1865 the Fenian Brotherhood in America had split into two factions.

The Fenian Raids helped to create feeling of nationalism in British North America in the 1860s.

* John Devoy, Fenian organiser, exiled to America ( born 1842 ).

This arm of Fenian activity in America produced a surge in radicalism among groups of Irish immigrants, many of whom had recently emigrated from Ireland during and after the Great Hunger.