# REDIRECT Austrian German

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Austrian German (), or Austrian Standard German, is the national standard variety of the German language spoken in Austria and in the autonomous Province of South Tyrol ( Italy ).

The standardized form of Austrian German for official texts and schools is defined by the Austrian Dictionary (), published under the authority of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture.

As German is a pluricentric language, Austrian German is merely one among several varieties of Standard German.

Much like the relationship between British English and American English, the Austrian and German varieties differ in minor respects ( e. g., spelling, word usage and grammar ) but are recognizably equivalent and largely mutually intelligible.

With German being a pluricentric language, Austrian dialects should not be confused with the variety of Standard German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of Germany or Switzerland.

When Austria became a member of the European Union, the Austrian variety of the German language — limited to 23 agricultural terms — was " protected " in Protocol No 10, regarding the use of specific Austrian terms of the German language in the framework of the European Union, which forms part of the Austrian EU accession treaty.

Austrian German is the only variety of a pluricentric language recognized under international law / EU primary law.

There are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of Germany.

As the German princes were experiencing the tumult of the Reformation, the German Peasants ' War, and the wars against the Ottoman Turks, they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away.

The German Empire, in turn, under the " Drang nach Osten " policy, aspired to turn the Ottoman Empire into its own de facto colony, and thus supported its integrity.

But in her effort to win Bulgaria for the Central Powers, and seeing the inevitability of Ottoman disintegration, was toying with the idea of replacing the Balkan area of the Ottomans with a friendly Greater Bulgaria in her San Stefano borders — an idea that was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King and his anti-Russian sentiments.

With most of the strategic reserve sent to the Western Front, an Egyptian Expeditionary Force of two British infantry and one Australian and New Zealand mounted division in Eastern Force, successfully defend the Suez Canal and Romani in 1916 from German and Ottoman incursions.

Later in the same century, Croatia was so weak that its parliament authorized Ferdinand Habsburg to carve out large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire for the creation of the Military Frontier ( Vojna Krajina, German Militaergrenze ) which would be ruled directly from Vienna's military headquarters.

The demographic history of Croatia is marked by significant migrations, including the arrival of the Croats in the area growth of Hungarian and German speaking population since the personal union of Croatia and Hungary, and joining of the Habsburg Empire, migrations set off by Ottoman conquests and growth of Italian speaking population in Istria and in Dalmatia during Venetian rule there.

The Central Powers ( German: Mittelmächte ; Hungarian: Központi hatalmak ; Turkish: İttifak Devletleri or Bağlaşma Devletleri ; Bulgarian: Централни сили ) were one of the two warring factions in World War I ( 1914 – 18 ), composed of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

The Central Powers consisted of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.

In Egypt the New Zealand Mounted Rifles and Australian Light Horse of Anzac Mounted Division operating as mounted infantry, drove German and Ottoman forces back from Romani to Magdhaba and Rafa and out of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsular in 1916.

After the First World War, the victorious allies divided up the German colonial empire and much of the Ottoman Empire between themselves as League of Nations mandates.

Other translations include Erich Prokosch's nearly complete German translations of the tenth volume, the 2004 introductory work entitled The World of Evliya Çelebi: An Ottoman Mentality written by University of Chicago professor Robert Dankoff, and Dankoff and Sooyong Kim's 2010 translation of select excerpts of the ten volumes An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi.

At the end of the First World War, the Allied powers were confronted with the question of the disposal of the former German colonies in Africa and the Pacific, and the several non-Turkish provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

If the former German and Ottoman territories had been ceded to the victorious powers directly, their economic value would have been credited to offset the Allies ' claims for war reparations.

The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king Jan at the

The German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russian Empire, and Ottoman Empire were then replaced by republics.

He repulsed the British in four expeditions and had relations with the Central Powers of the Ottoman and German Empires.

The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in ( left to right ) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian

On the one hand there were highly conservative representatives and noblemen from the monarchic German Empire, Austria-Hungary and a failing Ottoman Empire, and on the other side were representatives of a radical revolutionary government which was unlike anything ever seen in the world and which openly proclaimed the aim of World Revolution.

Signatories were Bolshevik Russia on the one side and the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire ( collectively the Central Powers ) on the other.

The Chinese, Russian, German, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires dissolved in the first half of the century, with all but the British, French, Portuguese, and Japanese empires collapsing during the course of World War I, and Russia transformed into the communist Soviet Union.

* March 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople-Baghdad Railway.

One hundred years later, in Germany the protests erupted simultaneously, whilst under threat of Islamic Ottoman invasion ¹, which especially distracted the German princes responsible for military defense.

Since attack serves to stimulate interest in broadcasts, I added to my opening statement a sentence in which I claimed that German youth seemed to lack the enthusiasm which is a necessary ingredient of anger, and might be classified as uninterested and bored rather than angry.

He knew that German long-range bombers had been returning to the attack in Italy.

* 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Atlantic – two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.

The solution to the puzzle as well as explaining the historical circumstances leading to the choice of the Agri Decumates as a defensive point and the concentration of Germans there are probably to be found in the German attack on the Gallic fortified town of Vesontio in 58 BC.

* 1914 – World War I: the Battle of Haelen a. k. a. ( Battle of the Silver Helmets ) last cavalry style attack from the German army on the city of Halen Belgium.

He enhanced this by bribing the German king Henry IV with 360, 000 gold pieces to attack the Normans in Italy, which forced the Normans to concentrate on their defenses at home in 1083 – 1084.

Tanks were knocked out on both sides, but the German attack failed and they retreated.

* 1945 – World War II: Soviet Union forces south of Berlin at Zossen attack the German High Command headquarters.

He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa, just behind his own lines, expecting the German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with the heights as his objective, something that Rommel soon did.

The German / Italian armoured Corps infantry attack was stopped in very heavy fighting.

During the Battle of France, the German blitzkrieg-style attack on France went through the Ardennes.

German gains were ultimately limited by Hitler diverting forces from the attack on Stalingrad itself and seeking to pursue a drive to the Caucasus oilfields simultaneously as opposed to subsequently as the original plan had envisaged.

Allied forces deployed to the flanks of the German penetration, and as soon as the skies cleared, Allied aircraft were again able to attack motorized columns.

Unlike the neutral Americans in the first incident, the only witnesses to the second attack were the German and British sailors present.

This dispute undermines the debate about the abuse of a neutral flag and the British captain's order to attack the German survivors, on the grounds of protecting the freighter and her cargo, which could always be alleged.

Luther ’ s position on ecumenical councils shifted over time, but in 1520 Luther appealed to the German princes to attack the papal Church, if necessary with a council in Germany, open and free of the Papacy.

Faced with a Turkish attack, Charles held the support of the Protestant German rulers, all of whom delayed the opening of the Council of Trent.

The Germans had not taken cavalry into consideration when fortifying their position which, combined with the " Warsaw " s swift assault, overran the German anti-tank guns and consolidated into an attack into the village itself, now supported by infantry and tanks.

An attack on the Dacian capital Sarmizegetusa was forestalled however, when new troubles arose on the German frontier in 89.

The Senatorial officers may have disapproved of Domitian's military strategies, such as his decision to fortify the German frontier rather than attack, as well as his recent retreat from Britain, and finally the disgraceful policy of appeasement towards Decebalus.

This was picked up by right-wing political factions and used as a form of attack against the SPD-led early Weimar government, which had come to power in the German Revolution of November 1918.

Defenders of Jellicoe argued that he did no more than protect the body of his fleet, which outnumbered the German ships while steadily pressing the attack.

Mussolini had no hesitation in attributing the attack to the German dictator: the news reached him at Cesena, where he was examining the plans for a psychiatric hospital.

Later, during the Continuation War, Finland declared " co-belligerency " with Nazi Germany, and allowed Northern Finland to be used as a German attack base.