Ludwig Ross, the German archaeologist appointed Curator of the Antiquities of Athens at the time of the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece, by his explorations in the Greek islands from 1835 onwards, called attention to certain early intaglios, since known as Inselsteine ; but it was not until 1878 that C. T. Newton demonstrated these to be no strayed Phoenician products.

After a period of confusion, Demetrius's son Antigonus II Gonatas was able to establish the family's control over the old Kingdom of Macedon, as well as over most of the Greek city-states, by 276 BC.

For example: in Africa, the bronze heads of the Kingdom of Benin ; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from Greek mythology ; in east Asia, Chinese bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasty — more often ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples.

Turkey responded by launching a military operation on Cyprus in a move not approved by the other two international guarantor powers, Greece and the United Kingdom using as a pretext the protection of the Turkish minority from Greek militias.

The language is also spoken by Greek emigrant communities in many countries in Western Europe, especially the United Kingdom and Germany, in Canada and the United States, Australia, as well as in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and others.

The population transfers with Bulgaria and Turkey that took place in the early 20th century, added in total some two million Greeks from to the demography of the Greek Kingdom.

As the island of Cyprus was heading towards independence from the United Kingdom the Greek ( 82 %) and Turkish ( 18 %) communities began embroiled to a bitter inter-communal fighting, partly sponsored by the two " motherlands ".

The History of Modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition of its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire by the Great Powers ( the United Kingdom, France, and Russia ) in 1828, after the Greek War of Independence, to the present day.

The borders of the Kingdom were reiterated in the London Protocol of 30 August 1832 signed by the Great Powers, which ratified the terms of the Constantinople Arrangement in connection with the border between Greece and the Ottoman Empire and marked the end of the Greek War of Independence creating modern Greece as an independent state free of the Ottoman Empire.

Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, a Hellenistic polity which succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by successive waves of nomadic invasions, led by warlike tribes which would often move on to Europe, as was the case with the Huns and Turkish Avars.

; Greek:, Ēsaïās ; Arabic: شعيا Shaiya ; " Yahu is salvation ") was a prophet who lived in the 8th-century BC Kingdom of Judah.

According to Ellenblum's interpretation the inhabitants of the Kingdom ( Latin Christians living alongside native Greek and Syrian Christians, Shia and Sunni Arabs, Sufis, Bedouin, Turks, Druze, Jews, and Samaritans ) all had major differences between each other as well as with the crusaders.

Various types of necked chordophones were in use in ancient Greek, Egyptian ( in the Middle Kingdom ), Hittite, Roman, Bulgar, Turkic, Indian, Chinese, Armenian / Cilician cultures.

Two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, as in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta or the joint sovereignty of spouses or relatives ( e. g., William and Mary of Kingdom of England and Scotland, Peter and Ivan of Russia, Charles and Joanna of Castile, etc.

Most information we have on the myths of Osiris is derived from allusions contained in the Pyramid Texts at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, later New Kingdom source documents such as the Shabaka Stone and the Contending of Horus and Seth, and much later, in narrative style from the writings of Greek authors including Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus.

Pergamon ( or ἡ Πέργαμος ), or Pergamum, was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Aeolis, today located from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus ( modern day Bakırçay ), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281 – 133 BC.

The ancient Olympic Games were held every four years in the Greek city of Olympia, in the Kingdom of Elis, from 776 BC through either 261 or 393 AD.

Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Bosporan Kingdom, a Hellenistic polity which succeeded the Greek colonies, was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes, such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars.

The Greek historian and geographer Agatharchides had documented ship-faring among the early Egyptians: " During the prosperous period of the Old Kingdom, between the 30th and 25th centuries B. C., the river-routes were kept in order, and Egyptian ships sailed the Red Sea as far as the myrrh-country.

The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae ( from, ) was a Greek Macedonian royal family, founded by Seleucus I Nicator (" the Victor "), which ruled the Seleucid Kingdom centered in the Near East and regions of the Asian part of the earlier Achaemenid Persian Empire during the Hellenistic period.

Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London.

" The Greek word telios used to refer to perfection also implies an end, or destination, advising the disciples to seek the path towards perfection and the Kingdom of God.

Roman Catholics kept the reins of power and control, while the Greek inhabitants lived in the countryside ; this was much the same as the arrangement in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

A diaspora ( from Greek διασπορά, " scattering, dispersion ") is " the movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established or ancestral homeland " or " people dispersed by whatever cause to more than one location ", or " people settled far from their ancestral homelands ".

Its use began to develop from this original sense when the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek ; in Ancient Greece the term διασπορά ( diaspora ) meant " scattering " and was used to refer to citizens of a dominant city-state who emigrated to a conquered land with the purpose of colonization, to assimilate the territory into the empire.

It is plausible that the letter in Greek to the Jewish diaspora could have been composed with a secretary, as Jerome argued.

Greek is spoken by about 13. 1 million people, mainly in Greece and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora.

Events such as the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually, while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora.

They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.

Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries.

The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

In the 19th century, the rising tide of nationalism and secularism among the Balkan Christian nations led to the establishment of several autocephalous national churches, generally under autonomous Patriarchs or Archbishops, leaving the Ecumenical Patriarch only direct control over the ethnically Greek-originated Orthodox Christians of Turkey, parts of Greece and the archdioceses in North America, Asia, Africa and Oceania where growing Greek and other migrant communities have gradually constituted a significant orthodox diaspora.

Recognizing this situation, Greece grants citizenship to broad categories of people of ethnic Greek ancestry who are members of the Greek diaspora, including individuals and families whose ancestors have been resident in diaspora communities outside the modern state of Greece for centuries or millennia

During the Ottoman conquest, the Greek architecture was concentrated mainly on the Greek Orthodox churches of the Greek diaspora.

There were also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora such as the Greek-American Elia Kazan.

More recently, the rise of internet-based communication services as well as cell phones have caused a distinctive form of Greek written partially, and sometimes fully in Latin characters to emerge ; this is known as Greeklish, a form that has spread across the Greek diaspora and even to the two countries with majority Greek population, Cyprus and Greece.

Educated and influential members of the large Greek diaspora, such as Adamantios Korais and Anthimos Gazis, tried to transmit these ideas back to the Greeks, with the double aim of raising their educational level and simultaneously strengthening their national identity.

More than five hundred years after the end of that dynasty the Jews of the Babylonian diaspora again came under the dominion of the Persians ; and among such Jews the Persian language held a position similar to that held by the Greek language among the Jews of the West.

It remained in Byzantine hands during the period of crisis in the 7th – 8th centuries, when most of the Balkans and the Greek mainland were overrun by Slavic invasions.

In ancient times, the trading and colonising activities of the Greek tribes from the Balkans and Asia Minor spread people of Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, establishing Greek city states in Sicily, southern Italy, northern Libya, eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coasts.

* Koine Greek and Modern Greek, in the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire and other parts of the Balkans south of the Jireček Line.

In the 1920s, Fascist Italy pursued an aggressive foreign policy that included an attack on the Greek island of Corfu, aims to expand Italian territory in the Balkans, plans to wage war against Turkey and Yugoslavia, attempts to bring Yugoslavia into civil war by supporting Croat and Macedonian separatists to legitimize Italian intervention, and making Albania a de facto protectorate of Italy, which was achieved through diplomatic means by 1927.

Greek cuisine () is a Mediterranean cuisine, sharing characteristics with the cuisines of Italy, the Balkans, Turkey, and the Levant.

After the devastating 1354 earthquake, the Greek city of Gallipoli was almost abandoned, but swiftly reoccupied by Turks from Anatolia, the Asiatic side of the straits, making Gallipoli the first Ottoman position in Europe, and the staging area for their expansion across the Balkans.

In the Balkans, Romantic views of a connection with classical Greece, which inspired Philhellenism infused the Greek War of Independence ( 1821-1832 ), in which the Scottish Romantic poet Lord Byron was mortally wounded.

Evidence also appears to show that the stories had spread to the Balkans and a translation of the Nights into Romanian existed by the 17th century, itself based on a Greek version of the collection.

The effectiveness of the powerful Venetian fortifications of the island as well as the strength of some old Byzantine fortifications in Angelokastro, Kassiopi, Gardiki and others, was another strong factor that enabled Corfu to remain the last bastion of free, uninterrupted Greek Christian civilization in the southern Balkans after the fall of Constantinople.

For his part, commentator Alexander Kiossev, wrote in " Understanding the Balkans: " The hero of one nation might be the villain of its neighbour (...) The Byzantine emperor Basil the Murderer ( sic ) of Bulgarians, a crucial figure in the Greek pantheon of heroes, is no less important as a subject of hatred for our national mythology ".

The Stratioti or Stradioti ( Italian: Stradioti or Stradiotti ; Greek: Στρατιώτες, Stratiotes ; were mercenary units from the Balkans recruited mainly by states of southern and central Europe from the 15th until the middle of the 18th century. The stradioti were recruited in Albania, Greece, Dalmatia, Serbia and later Cyprus.

The Jireček Line, or the approximate linguistic frontier between Latin and Greek linguistic influence, ran through the Balkans from Odessus to the Adriatic.

And a Roman Catholic church serves the Catholics of southern Utah Valley, many happen to be of Italian descent ( see Utah Italians ) and some Greek Catholics from the Balkans.

Although he remains anonymous in the extant sources until the 18th century, the dissemination of the story of Murad's assassination in Florentine, Serbian, Ottoman and Greek sources suggests that versions of it circulated widely across the Balkans within half a century after the event.

This behaviour provoked a split between the monarch and his prime minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, who was convinced of the need to support the Triple Entente, so as to incorporate the Greek minorities of the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans into the Greek kingdom by the end of the war.

The Balkan Sprachbund comprises Albanian, Romanian, the South Slavic languages of the southern Balkans ( Bulgarian, Macedonian and to a lesser degree Serbian ), Greek, and Romani.

With the formation of modern nations and nation-states in the Balkans, Arvanites have come to be regarded as an integral part of the Greek nation.

As commerce expanded in the Balkans, Greek became the area's ' lingua franca ' and continental merchants homogenized through a process of assimilation to the Greek ' high culture ' by the end of the century.