The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

The term cabal derives from Kabbalah ( a word that has numerous spelling variations ), the mystical interpretation ( of Babylonian origin ) of the Hebrew scripture, and originally meant either an occult doctrine or a secret.

** Hebrew spelling

In the spelling of Hebrew and some other Semitic languages, matres lectionis ( Latin " mothers of reading ", singular form: mater lectionis, Hebrew: א ֵ ם ק ְ ר ִ יא ָ ה mother of reading ), refers to the use of certain consonants to indicate a vowel.

For example, in the Hebrew construct-state form bēt, meaning " the house of ", the middle letter " י " in the spelling בית acts as a vowel, whereas in the corresponding absolute-state form bayit (" house "), which is spelled the same, the same letter represents a genuine consonant.

* Passover, a Latinized spelling of the Hebrew word Pesah

In a very broad sense it can refer to the entire chain of Jewish tradition ( see Oral law ), but in reference to the Masoretic Text the word mesorah has a very specific meaning: the diacritic markings of the text of the Hebrew Bible and concise marginal notes in manuscripts ( and later printings ) of the Hebrew Bible which note textual details, usually about the precise spelling of words.

Detailed variations between different Hebrew texts in use still clearly existed though, as witnessed by differences between the present-day Masoretic text and versions mentioned in the Gemara, and often even Halachic midrashim based on spelling versions which do not exist in the current Masoretic text.

Shekinah, Shekinah, Shechinah, Shechina, or Schechinah, () is the English spelling of a grammatically feminine Hebrew ancient blessing of the feminine aspect of God.

Marduk ( Sumerian spelling in Akkadian: AMAR. UTU " solar calf "; perhaps from MERI. DUG ; Biblical Hebrew Merodach ; Greek, Mardochaios ) was the Babylonian name of a late-generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon, who, when Babylon became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi ( 18th century BCE ), started to slowly rise to the position of the head of the Babylonian pantheon, a position he fully acquired by the second half of the second millennium BCE.

The Hebrew spelling Yeshua ( ישוע ) appears in some later books of the Hebrew Bible.

It differs from the usual Hebrew Bible spelling of Joshua ( י ְ הו ֹ ש ֻׁ ע ַ y ' hoshuaʿ ), found 218 times in the Hebrew Bible, in the absence of the consonant he ה and placement of the semivowel vav ו after, not before, the consonant shin ש.

It also differs from the Hebrew spelling Yeshu ( ישו ) which is found in Ben Yehuda's dictionary and used in most secular contexts in modern Hebrew to refer to Jesus of Nazareth, though the Hebrew spelling Yeshua ( ישוע ) is generally used in translations of the New Testament into Hebrew and used by Hebrew speaking Christians in Israel.

As a byname we find Aramaic rmn, Old South Arabic rmn, Hebrew rmwn, Akkadian Rammānu (" Thunderer "), presumably originally vocalized as Ramān in Aramaic and Hebrew.

One, the ABCDE order later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Gothic, Cyrillic, and Latin ; the other, HMĦLQ, was used in southern Arabia and is preserved today in Ethiopic.

The Phoenician letter names, in which each letter was associated with a word that begins with that sound, continue to be used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

Saadia Gaon, in Emunoth ve-Deoth ( Hebrew: " beliefs and opinions ") concludes Section VI with a refutation of the doctrine of metempsychosis ( reincarnation ).

Using his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, to his advantage, he studied the Hebrew Bible and Greek authors like Philo, Origen, Athanasius, and Basil of Caesarea, with whom he was also exchanging letters.

This word is usually conceded to be derived from the Hebrew ( Aramaic ), meaning " Thou art our father " ( אב לן את ), and also occurs in connection with Abrasax ; the following inscription is found upon a metal plate in the Carlsruhe Museum:

* Wendelin discovers a compound of the initial letters, amounting to 365 in numerical value, of four Hebrew and three Greek words, all written with Greek characters: ab, ben, rouach, hakadōs ; sōtēria apo xylou (“ Father, Son, Spirit, holy ; salvation from the cross ”).

At this time, knowledge of the numerals was still widely seen as esoteric, and Talhoffer presents them with the Hebrew alphabet and astrology.

This had the consequence that it could not any longer be regarded immutable, and hence Hebrew could not be regarded as identical with the language of Paradise.

The term abaddon appears six times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible ; abaddon means destruction or " place of destruction ", or the realm of the dead, and is associated with Sheol.

Both were Hebrew Christians with sufficient intellectual authority.

Six weeks before the German invasion of Poland, Heschel left Warsaw for London with the help of Julian Morgenstern, president of Hebrew Union College, who had been working to obtain visas for Jewish scholars in Europe.

“ It ’ s phonetic Hebrew — that ’ s what it is, all right — and that ’ s what I was getting at with the name Yokum, more so than any attempt to sound hickish ," said Capp.

Originally published in modern Hebrew, with a running commentary to facilitate learning, his Steinzaltz edition of the Talmud has also been translated into English, French, Russian and Spanish.

Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in Huesca in 1349 stated that Item nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en basquenç: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol — essentially penalizing the use of Arabic, Hebrew or Vascuence ( Basque ) with a fine of 30 sols.

The books of the Old Testament, showing their positions in both the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible, shown with their names in Hebrew ) and Christian Bibles.

The Old Testament is called by the Jews the Tanakh, an acronym formed by combining the initials of the three sections by which the Jews divide the text: the Torah, or Law ( the Pentateuch ), the Nevi ' im, or Prophets, and the Ketuvim, or Writings or Hagiographa ( with vowels added, as Hebrew is written with a consonantal script, TaNaKh ).

Together with the Book of Nehemiah, it represents the final chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.

The Septuagint version appears to agree more with the Qumran fragments rather than the Hebrew / Aramaic Masoretic text reflected in modern translations.

One of the most frequent speculations is that the entire book ( excepting 9: 4-20 ) was originally written in Aramaic, with portions translated into Hebrew, possibly to increase acceptance-many Aramaisms in the Hebrew text find proposed explanation by the hypothesis of an inexact initial translation into Hebrew.

For the Tanakh, or Old Testament, the Massoretic text as published in the latest edition of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia is used as the base text, in consultation with Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia and other ancient Hebrew texts ( such as the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Samaritan Pentateuch ) and a select number of ancient versions ( the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, and the Targums ).

In late 2007, the ISV Foundation of Paramount, California, announced commencement of a collaborative effort with Dr. Peter Flint, Canada Research Chair in Dead Sea Scrolls Studies of Trinity Western University ( Langley, BC Canada ) to produce a comprehensive set of footnotes for the International Standard Version documenting the variants between the biblical manuscripts of the Dead Sea Scrolls and that of the Massoretic Text of the Hebrew Scriptures.

The Hebrew feminine noun qorban ( plural qorbanot ) first occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Leviticus 1: 2 and in all occurs 80 times in the Massoretic Text ; of which 40 in Leviticus, 38 in Numbers and 2 in Ezekiel.

In the 10th century, Aaron ben Moses ben Asher refined the Tiberian vocalization, an extinct pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible.

In standard Hebrew, the Messiah is often referred to as מלך המשיח ( in the Tiberian vocalization, pronounced ), literally meaning " the Anointed King.

In the Masoretic Text the name YHWH is vowel pointed as י ְ ה ֹ ו ָ ה, as if pronounced YE-HO-VAH in modern Hebrew, and Yəhōwāh in Tiberian vocalization.

Yahweh is a modern scholarly vocalization of the name as it appears in Hebrew, where it is written without vowels as ( YHWH ).

Hiram I ( Hebrew: ח ִ יר ָ ם, " high-born "; Standard Hebrew, Tiberian vocalization Ḥîrām, Modern Arabic: حيرام ), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the Phoenician king of Tyre.

Also the Hebrew shva is sometimes represented by the upside-down ə symbol for schwa, a misleading transliteration, since the schwa vowel is not representative of modern Hebrew pronunciation of shva and is not characteristic of earlier pronunciations either ( see Tiberian vocalization → Mobile Shwa ).

In Standard Hebrew, The Messiah is often referred to as, ( in the Tiberian vocalization pronounced ), literally meaning " the anointed king.

The form Tzion (; Tiberian vocalization: Ṣiyyôn ) appears 108 times in the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ), and once as HaTzion.

Caleb (;, Kalev ; Tiberian vocalization: ; Hebrew Academy: ) is a male given name.

::* Tiberian vocalization, an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew

The Masoretes continued the study as they fixed the text and vocalization of the Hebrew Bible.

In Standard Hebrew, The Messiah is often referred to as מלך המשיח, ( in the Tiberian vocalization pronounced ), literally meaning " the Anointed King.

His vocalization of the Bible is still, for all intents and purposes, the text all Jews continue to use, and he was the first systematic Hebrew grammarian.

The Tiberian vocalization ( or Tiberian pointing, Tiberian niqqud ; ) is a system of diacritics devised by the Masoretes to add to the consonantal Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible ; this system soon became used to vocalize other texts as well.

The vowel system of Biblical Hebrew changed dramatically over time and is reflected differently in the ancient Greek and Latin transcriptions, medieval vocalization systems, and modern reading traditions.

The term ' Biblical Hebrew ' may or may not include extra-Biblical texts, such as inscriptions ( e. g. the Siloam inscription ), and generally also includes later vocalization traditions for the Hebrew Bible's consonantal text, most commonly the early-medieval Tiberian vocalization.

* Biblical Hebrew ( including the use of Tiberian vocalization )