One of the greatest Homerists of our time, Frederick M. Combellack, argues that when it is assumed The Iliad and The Odyssey are oral poems, the postulated single redactor called Homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing.

Other theories of origin are compatible with the formulaic theory: Beowulf may contain a design for terror, and The Iliad may have a vast hysteron-proteron pattern answering to a ceramic pattern produced during the Geometric Period in pottery.

The function of Apollo as a " healer " is connected with Paean ( Παιών-Παιήων ), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion.

In the Iliad, Apollo is the healer under the gods, but he is also the bringer of disease and death with his arrows, similar to the function of the terrible Vedic god of disease Rudra.

* In the Iliad xvi, Apollo washes the black blood from the corpse of Sarpedon and anoints it with ambrosia, readying it for its dreamlike return to Sarpedon's native Lycia.

When the grammatical dual form of Ajax is used in the Iliad, it was once believed that it indicated the lesser Ajax fighting side-by-side with Telamonian Ajax, but now it is generally thought that that usage refers to the Greater Ajax and his brother Teucer.

In the Iliad, Ajax is notable for his abundant strength and courage, seen particularly in two fights with Hector.

The identification of Ajax with the family of Aeacus was chiefly a matter which concerned the Athenians, after Salamis had come into their possession, on which occasion Solon is said to have inserted a line in the Iliad ( 2. 557 – 558 ), for the purpose of supporting the Athenian claim to the island.

In the Iliad, the word ares is used as a common noun synonymous with " battle.

In the Iliad she came to blows with Hera, when the divine allies of the Greeks and Trojans engaged each other in conflict.

Pope: " Thus on a roe the well-breath'd beagle flies, And rends his hide fresh-bleeding with the dart " The Iliad of Homer ( 1715 – 20 ) Book XV: 697 – 8

This may take the form of a purpose ( as in Milton, who proposed " to justify the ways of God to men "); of a question ( as in the Iliad, which Homer initiates by asking a Muse to sing of Achilles ' anger ); or of a situation ( as in the Song of Roland, with Charlemagne in Spain ).

The other Strife is presumably she who appears in Homer's Iliad Book IV ; equated with Enyo as sister of Ares and so presumably daughter of Zeus and Hera:

Homer expressed her relationship with Zeus delicately in the Iliad, in which she declares to Zeus, " I am Cronus ' eldest daughter, and am honourable not on this ground only, but also because I am your wife, and you are king of the gods.

When Heracles took the cattle of Geryon, he shot Hera in the right breast with a triple-barbed arrow: the wound was incurable and left her in constant pain, as Dione tells Aphrodite in the Iliad, Book V. Afterwards, Hera sent a gadfly to bite the cattle, irritate them and scatter them.

The association with Chios dates back to at least Semonides of Amorgos, who cited a famous line in the Iliad ( 6. 146 ) as by " the man of Chios ".

It is crucial, however, not to underestimate the creative and transforming power of subsequent tradition: for instance, Achilles, the most important character of the Iliad, is strongly associated with southern Thessaly, but his legendary figure is interwoven into a tale of war whose kings were from the Peloponnese.

It shows Ptolemy and his wife or sister Arsinoe III standing beside a seated poet, flanked by figures from the Odyssey and Iliad, with the nine Muses standing above them and a procession of worshippers approaching an altar, believed to represent the Alexandrine Homereion.

One often finds books of the Iliad and Odyssey cited by the corresponding letter of the Greek alphabet, with upper-case letters referring to a book number of the Iliad and lower-case letters referring to the Odyssey.

Aristotle ( Metaphysics 983b – 987a ) believed that the question of first causes may even have started with Hesiod ( Theogony 116 – 53 ) and Homer ( Iliad 14. 201, 246 ).

However, scholars have, in general, taken this as evidence for the existence of a Mahabharata at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the Iliad.

After the Bible, the next best preserved ancient work is Homer's Iliad, with 650 copies originating about 1, 000 years after the original copy.

* The 1954 Broadway musical The Golden Apple by librettist John Treville Latouche and composer Jerome Moross is freely adapted from the Iliad and the Odyssey, re-setting the action to the American state of Washington in the years after the Spanish-American War, with events inspired by the Iliad in Act One and events inspired by the Odyssey in Act Two.

* Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.

* Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.

* Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph. D. in two volumes, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press ; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.

* The Iliad by Homer ( English translation in the Project Gutenberg online book catalog )

Evidence for this belief was provided through his translation into English of Homer's cornerstones of European literature The Iliad and The Odyssey which provided brief glimpses of Greek gardens which gave validation to Burlington's belief in the naturalistic appearance of Roman gardens.

During this period he started his translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into blank verse, and his versions ( published in 1791 ) were the most significant English renderings of these epic poems since those of Alexander Pope earlier in the century, although later critics have faulted Cowper's Homer for being too much in the mold of John Milton.

* George Chapman-translation of Homer's Iliad into English

( Shakespeare apparently was able to learn enough about the content of the " Iliad ," whether directly from Chapman's translation, or from an acquaintance with what Chapman was working on acquired otherwise, to enable him to put forth " Troilus and Cressida " in 1601-2 ; that play is remarkable for interweaving the Iliadic story of the deaths of Patroclus and Hector with the quite un-Iliadic story of love betrayed as told first in English by Geoffrey Chaucer in his masterpiece " Troilus and Criseyde.

") In 1616 the complete Iliad and Odyssey appeared in The Whole Works of Homer, the first complete English translation, which until Pope's was the most popular in the English language and was the way most English speakers encountered these poems.

Richmond Alexander Lattimore ( May 6, 1906-February 26, 1984 ) was an American poet and translator known for his translations of the Greek classics, especially his versions of the Iliad and Odyssey, which are generally considered as among the best English translations available.

His edition of the Iliad was published in two volumes ( 1886-1888 ) and was regarded for several decades as the best English edition of Homer's epic poem.

* Charles Anthon, The First Six Books of Homer's Iliad with English Notes, Critical and Explanatory, A Metrical Index, and Homeric Glossary, Harper and Brothers ( 1851 ).

* Walter Leaf ( 1852 – 1927 ), English banker, Classical scholar, and commentator on the Iliad and Odyssey

In 1616 George Chapman completed his monumental translation of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into English verse, which were the first ever complete translations of either poem, both central to the Western Canon, into the English language.

This Latin name means " clawed warrior " in English, partly from the Greek warrior Meriones in Homer's Iliad.

He had a considerable reputation as a writer of English hexameters and as a judge of Homeric translation: his translation of a brief passage from the Iliad was described by Matthew Arnold, in On Translating Homer, as " the most successful attempt hitherto made at rendering Homer into English ".

* The Iliad, translated in English

* 1715 – 1720: Translation of the Iliad

* Translation of the Iliad by Ian Johnston.

* The Wrath of Achilles: The Iliad of Homer, Shortened and in a New Translation ( W. W. Norton: New York, 1950 ; Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1951 ).

Fagles was nominated for the National Book Award in Translation and won the Harold Morton Landon Translation Award of the Academy of American Poets in 1991 for his translation of the Iliad.

* Homer's Iliad ( Translation by Richmond Lattimore )