Next, they attempted to cross the Gran Chaco, eventually penetrating the outer defenses of the Inca Empire.

Using the mitmac system of ethnic dispersion, the Inca attempted to quell these rebellions by forcing large numbers of Chachapoya people to resettle in remote locations of the empire.

Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco during the spring of 1537.

One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu, which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon.

" Members of the Inca civilization identified various dark areas or dark nebulae in the Milky Way as animals, and associated their appearance with the seasonal rains.

The Inca Empire briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, where they collected tribute from small groups of fishermen and oasis farmers but were not able to establish a strong cultural presence in the area.

As such, Pizarro dispatched Almagro to the Inca Empire's northern city of Quito to claim it as part of their jurisdiction.

Once he left Moina, Almagro followed the Inca trail followed by 750 Spaniards deciding to join him in quest for the gold lost in the ransom of Atahualpa, which had mainly benefited the Pizarro brothers and their supporters.

The Shyris dominated for more than 700 years, and their dynasty saw the invasion of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui.

The people of the Chachapoyas culture were an example of this, but the Inca eventually conquered and integrated them into their empire.

Conquered populations — tribes, kingdoms, states, and cities — were allowed to practice their own religions and lifestyles, but had to recognize Inca cultural practices as superior to their own.

Agriculture and writing are almost everywhere associated with this process: agriculture because it allowed for the emergence of a class of people who did not have to spend most of their time providing for their own subsistence, and writing ( or the equivalent of writing, like Inca quipus ) because it made possible the centralization of vital information.

The Inca were known to have dispersed conquered ethnic groups throughout their empire.

Much of our knowledge of Inca population transfers comes from their description by the Spanish chroniclers Pedro Cieza de León and Bernabé Cobo.

Most of their remains were either burned or destroyed from attacks by the Inca and later the Spaniards.

Holding their capital at the great puma-shaped city of Cuzco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533.

In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spanish soldiers under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire.

The Inca army now in retreat opted to abandon their last city and head for the jungle to regroup.

It was reported in various sources that numerous Catholic clerics, convinced of Túpac Amaru's innocence, pleaded to no avail, on their knees, that the Inca be sent to Spain for a trial instead of being executed.

As he did, it was reported by the same witnesses that a " multitude of Indians, who completely filled the square, saw that lamentable spectacle knew that their lord and Inca was to die, they deafened the skies, making them reverberate with their cries and wailing.

Pretty soon he is following Scrooge and his nephews in their latest treasure hunt-locating a hidden temple of Manco Cápac, who was the legendary founder of the Inca dynasty.

After the Ichma, nominally of the Chimú empire, joined the Inca empire, she also became the mother of their deity Pacha Camac.

The Inca took him into their pantheon, but considered him a lesser rival of Viracocha, their creator god.

They were directly responsible for destroying the civilizations of the Inca, Aztec, and Maya in their quest to build the Spanish Empire.

Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.

Category: Inca deities

The Incas controlled religion to give the empire cohesion by having conquered peoples add the Inca deities to their pantheon.

Inca deities occupied the three realms:

While the Inca generally allowed or even incorporated local deities and heroes of the ayllus they conquered, they did bring their gods to those peoples by incorporating them in law such as required sacrifice.

Hanan Pacha, the upper world, consisted of the deities of the sun, moon, stars, rainbow, and lightning while Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha were the realms of Pachamama, the earth mother, and the ancestors and heroes of the Inca or other ayllus.

Category: Inca deities

He had not yet undertaken the great exploit of his later years, the rediscovery of the ancient Inca highway, the route of Pizarro in Peru, but he had climbed to the original El Dorado, the Andean lake of Guatemala, and he had scaled the southern Sierra Nevada with its Tibetan-like people and looked into the emerald mines of Muzo.

Almagro had also asked for a high-ranking official from the Inca empire to prepare a route along with three of his most trusted Spanish soldiers.

By luck, these men found the Valley of Copiapó, where a Spaniard called Gonzalo Calvo Barrientos, a Spaniard whom Pizarro had expelled from Peru for stealing objects the Inca had offered for his ransom, had already established a friendship with the local natives.

The Inca civilization expansion northward from modern-day Peru during the late 15th century met with fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian tribes, particularly the Cañari, in the region around modern-day Cuenca ; the Cara in the Sierra north of Quito along with the Quitu, occupants of the site of the modern capital, with whom they had formed the Kingdom of Quito.

Arriving Cajamarca Pizarro sent an embassy, led by Hernando de Soto with 15 horsemen and an interpreter ; shortly thereafter he sent 20 more horsemen led by his brother Hernando Pizarro as reinforcements in case of an Inca attack.

At the foot of Mount Chimborazo, near the modern city of Riobamba ( Ecuador ) he met and defeated the forces of the great Inca warrior Rumiñahui with the aid of Cañari tribesmen who served as guides and allies to the conquering Spaniards.

In 1534 Sebastián de Belalcázar along with Diego de Almagro established the city of San Francisco de Quito on top of the ruins of the secondary Inca capital naming it in honor of Pizzaro.

Conquistadors deposed the Aztec, Inca and Maya governments with extensive help from local factions and laid claim to vast stretches of land in North and South America.

Diseases such as smallpox and measles that arrived with the colonizers devastated the native populations, especially in the densely populated regions of the Aztec, Maya and Inca civilizations, and this reduced the economic potential of conquered areas.

He turned to stories with an escapist flavour: an expedition to a meteorite ( The Shooting Star ), an intriguing mystery and treasure hunt ( The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure ), and a quest to undo an ancient Inca curse ( The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun ).

The Tahuantinsuyo was organized in dominions with a stratified society, in which the ruler was the Inca.

The warriors of the Moche state and the Inca Empire used maces with bone,

Extensive archaeological evidence for the chewing of coca leaves dates back at least to the sixth century A. D. Moche period, and the subsequent Inca period, based on mummies found with a supply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the characteristic cheek bulge of a coca chewer, spatulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and lime made from precious metals, and gold representations of coca in special gardens of the Inca in Cuzco

The founder of this so-called Neo-Inca state was Manco Inca Yupanqui ( also known as Manco Cápac II ), who had initially allied himself with the Spanish, then led an unsuccessful war against them before establishing himself in Vilcabamba in 1540.

At this time the Spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous Sapa Inca ( Cápac ) and had routinely sent two ambassadors to continue ongoing negotiations being held with Titu Cusi.

The Inca people attacked first with much spirit despite being only lightly armed.

They followed the Masahuay river for 170 miles, where they found an Inca warehouse with quantities of gold and the Inca's tableware.

They followed with the help of the Mamarí Indians, who advised which path the Inca had followed and reported that Túpac was slowed by his wife, who was about to give birth.

Other witnesses reported there were great crowds and the Sapa Inca was surrounded by hundreds of guards with lances.