# Flexible Mechanisms: The " flexibility " mechanisms which the United States had strongly favored when the Protocol was initially put together, including emissions trading ; Joint Implementation ( JI ); and the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) which allow industrialized countries to fund emissions reduction activities in developing countries as an alternative to domestic emission reductions.

JI was added to the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.

The JI was formally founded on January 1, 1993, by JI leaders, Abu Bakar Bashir and Abdullah Sungkar while hiding in Malaysia from the persecution of the Suharto government.

JI ’ s terror plans in Southeast Asia were exposed when its plot to set off several bombs in Singapore was foiled by the local authorities.

By the colonial era the gurukul system was declining in India except in a few regions, such as ARSH GURUKUL-KALBA ( SONIPAT ) HARYANA and arsh gurukul-khanpur-narnaul-haryana, gurukul kangari haridwar, gurukul jhajjar-haryana are purely vedic gurukuls which are run by respected ACHARYA BALDEV JI MAHARAJ ( guru or teacher of famous yoga guru SWAMI RAMDEV JI MAHARAJ ( the founder of PATANJALI YOGAPEETHA HARIDWAR )) Gurukul, Rajkot, Gujarat State, India in 1948.

The Singapore embassies attack plot was a plan in 2001 by Jemaah Islamiyah ( JI ) to bomb the diplomatic missions and attack personnel of the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Israel based in Singapore.

The Singapore JI branch was started as early as 1993, when Ibrahim Maidin underwent military training in Afghanistan and was subsequently appointed leader of JI in Singapore.

The Singapore branch of JI was organised into at least three groups.

The Singapore branch was under the command of a Malaysia-based leadership structure called a regional shura ( consultative council ), within the larger network of JI organisation in Southeast Asia.

Mohammed Atef, a close aide of Osama bin Laden, gave JI the go-ahead for the attack, but the plan was not pursued for unknown reasons.

The JI was founded on August 26, 1941 in Lahore by Muslim theologian and socio-political philosopher Abul Ala Maududi.

From 5 to 8 January 2000, a major meeting of al-Qaeda and JI personnel was held in Kuala Lumpur ( see 2000 Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit ); four of those who attended stayed with Sufaat at his home.

The reasons as to why the MMA consented to the LFO remains unclear, given the initial agreement was reached between the two parties in separate meetings between the JI ’ s leader Qazi Hussain Ahmed and the JUI-F ’ s leader Fazlur Rahman.

In 2005, a veteran of the JI was expelled from the MMA for dissenting from the party, and registering to contest an election against the coalition.

JI moved to 2 Toh Tuck Terrace on 18 November 1994, which was known as the Big Move.

In May 2008 it was reported that Jamaat-e-Islami ( JI ) Amir Qazi Hussain Ahmed was considering heading the six-party Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal ( MMA ).

After the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, both men returned to Indonesia where JI gained a terrorist edge when one of its founders, the late Abdullah Sungkar, established contact with Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda network.

During the Bangladesh Liberation War, the JI opposed the independence of Bangladesh, but established itself there as an independent political party, the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami after 1975.

MI, along with many other junior colleges, and as well, the former JI and OI, regulates the naming conventions over several aspects related to the institution.

The Jemaah Islamiyah ( JI ) militant Islamic organization that aspired for the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah that encompassed whole Southeast Asia including Indonesia, is responsible for series of terrorist attacks in Indonesia.

Jemaah Islamiyah means " Islamic Group " or " Islamic Community " and is often abbreviated JI.

Jemaah Islamiah (, al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu, meaning " Islamic Congregation ", frequently abbreviated JI ), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamist organization dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah ( regional Islamic caliphate ) in Southeast Asia incorporating Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei.

Recruiting, training, indoctrination, financial and operational links between the JI and other militant groups, such as al-Qaeda, the Abu Sayyaf Group ( ASG ), the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ), the Misuari Renegade / Breakaway Group ( MRG / MBG ) and the Philippine Rajah Sulaiman movement ( RSM ) have existed for many years, and continue to this day.

Several members also attended a training camp in southern Philippines, known as Camp Hudaybiyya, set up by Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) and run by Indonesian JI members.

In August 2002, ISD conducted another major security operation and arrested 18 persons, most of them were members of JI, while two were members of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ), a militant separatist group in the Philippines.

Jemaah Islamiyah means " Islamic Group " and is often abbreviated JI.

" Islamic Party " abbreviation, JI ) is a Right-wing and Islamist political party, advocating for an Islamic and Democratic form of government in Pakistan.

The JI opposes Western Ideologies such as capitalism, socialism and secularism, and practices such as bank interest and liberalist social mores but party advocates Democracy as integral part of Islamic political ideals.

Soon after separation Jamaat raised the demand of Islamic way of government and with the support of common Pakistanis, the JI organized a movement in 1948 to convince government to initiate Islamic Constitution.

Abdullah Sungkar ( 1937 – October 1999 ) founded and led Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamic group, separatist organization, founded as JI in January 1993.

The JI envisions an Islamic government in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan governing by Islamic law.

As of 11 November 2005, 36 alleged members of JI or the Moro Islamic Liberation Front were being detained under the Internal Security Act.

In schools and workplaces, inter-racial confidence circles were formed to promote inter-racial and inter-religious understanding between the different racial and religious communities, while Islamic scholars and counselors in Singapore participated in the rehabilitation of the detained JI members.

* August 5, 2006, Al-Qaeda's Al Zawahiri appeared on a recorded video announcing that JI and Al-Qaeda had joined forces and that the two groups will form " one line, facing its enemies.

The JI maintains close ties with international Muslim groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood.

Tuesday 22 October-Omar al-Faruq allegedly tells CIA bin Laden transferred nearly US $ 135, 000 to JI for purchase of explosives from Indonesian military sources.

Saturday 30 November-Australian Police now claim JI operating in Indonesia.

JI has its roots in Darul Islam ( DI, meaning " House of Islam "), a radical Islamist / anti-colonialist movement in Indonesia in the 1940s.

JI ’ s violent operations began during the communal conflicts in Maluku and Poso.

The Bali and JW Marriott attacks showed that JI did not rule out attacking the same target more than once.

The JI also has been directly and indirectly involved in dozens of bombings in the southern Philippines, usually in league with the ASG.

Back in Southeast Asia, the members of JI distributed pamphlets.

In 2003, Indonesian police confirmed ' the existence of Mantiqe IV "- the JI regional cell " which covers Irian Jaya and Australia.

In April 2008, the South Jakarta District Court declared JI an illegal organisation when sentencing former leader Zarkasih and military commander Abu Dujana to 15 years on terrorism charges.

* December 24, 2000, JI took part in a major coordinated terror strike, the Christmas Eve 2000 bombings.

* March 12, 2000, 3 JI members are arrested in Manila carrying plastic explosives in their luggage.

The attack known as the 2002 Bali Bombing is the most deadly attack executed by JI to date.

* A British-born Australian named Jack Roche confessed to being part of a JI plot to blow up the Israeli embassy in Canberra, Australia on 28 May 2004.

* JI are widely suspected of being responsible for the bombing outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta on September 9, 2004, which killed 11 Indonesians and wounded over 160 more.