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The Krugerrand kroo-guh-rahnd is a South African gold coin, first minted in 1967 to help market South African gold.
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Krugerrand and is
The Krugerrand today is a popular coin among collectors.
The Krugerrand is 32. 77 mm in diameter and 2. 84 mm thick.
The remaining 8. 33 % of the coin's weight ( 2. 826 g ) is copper ( an alloy known historically as crown gold which has long been used for English gold sovereigns ), which gives the Krugerrand a more orange appearance than silver-alloyed gold coins.
The Krugerrand is so named because the obverse, designed by Otto Schultz, bears the face of Boer statesman Paul Kruger, four-term president of the old South African Republic.
The word " Krugerrand " is a registered trade mark owned by Rand Refinery Limited, of Germiston.
This is not a purely theoretical result but may instead be observed today in bullion coins such as the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, the South African Krugerrand, the American Gold Eagle, or even the silver Maria Theresa thaler ( Austria ).
The Krugerrand is the first modern example of measuring in " pure gold "; it should contain at least 12 / 11 ounces of at least 11 / 12 pure gold.
It is more common to come across counterfeit copies of larger gold coins such as the Krugerrand which are easier and more economical to copy.
This is due to a number of factors: the higher unit cost of the Sovereign ( at under one-quarter of an ounce ); the higher demand for the Sovereign from numismatists ( compared to the Krugerrand which is not sought-after numismatically ); and the higher costs of identifying and stocking a numismatic coin.
* 916 ( equivalent to 22 carat ) gold is used in the Krugerrand investment coins
A gold Krugerrand, minted by the government of South Africa, is an example of modern gold bullion.
Krugerrand and South
Examples of modern gold collector / investor coins include the American Gold Eagle minted by the United States, the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf minted by Canada, and the Krugerrand, minted by South Africa.
The coin, produced by the South African Mint, proved popular and by 1980 the Krugerrand accounted for 90 % of the global gold coin market.
During the 1970s and 1980s some countries forbade import of the Krugerrand because of the association with the apartheid government of South Africa, which has since been abolished.
Despite the coin's legal tender status, economic sanctions against South Africa for its policy of apartheid made the Krugerrand an illegal import in many Western countries during the 1970s and 1980s.
It appeared on the emblems of the South African Air Force, the logo of South African Airways ( for which it remains their radio callsign ), the reverse of the Krugerrand, and the coat of arms of South Africa.
* Krugerrand, South African gold coin
South Africa introduced the Krugerrand in 1967 to cater to this market ; this was the reason for its convenient and memorable gold content — exactly one troy ounce.
Krugerrand and gold
The Krugerrand was introduced in 1967 as a vehicle for private ownership of gold.
By 1980 the Krugerrand accounted for 90 % of the global gold coin market.
Through 2008, Krugerrand coins containing 46 million ounces of gold have been sold.
During the great bull market in gold of the 1970s, the gold Krugerrand quickly became the No. 1 choice for investors worldwide wanting to buy gold.
Between 1974 and 1985, it's estimated that 22 million gold Krugerrand coins were imported into the United States alone.
This huge success of the Krugerrand encouraged other gold-producing countries to mint and issue gold bullion coins of their own, including the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf in 1979, the Australian Nugget in 1981, the Chinese Gold Panda in 1982, the American Gold Eagle in 1986, and the British Britannia coin in 1987.
Private mints have also attempted to capitalize off the popularity of the Krugerrand, minting gold and silver bullion rounds ( the term coin denotes legal currency ) in the style of the Krugerrand.
Sovereigns usually have a higher premium to the price of gold than some other bullion coins, such as the Krugerrand.
Bullion coins are usually available in gold and silver, with the exception of the Krugerrand and the Swiss Vreneli which are only available in gold.
Krugerrand and 1967
The reverse design for the crown ( 5 shillings ) of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II was later used for the Krugerrand beginning in 1967.
Krugerrand and .
); but the Krugerrand does not.
Unusually for bullion coins, the Krugerrand was given the status of legal tender or currency.
The Krugerrand depicts President Paul Kruger ( 1825-1904 ) on the obverse with the name of the issuing country in both Afrikaans and English appearing in the legend, while the Obverse and reverse | reverse depicts a springbok ( antelope ) | springbok antelope with the mint date in the field.
is and South
since Bourbon whiskey, though of Kentucky origin, is at least as much favored by liberals in the North as by conservatives in the South.
It is these other differences between North and South -- other, that is, than those which concern discrimination or social welfare -- which I chiefly discuss herein.
but there is a leavening of liberalism among college graduates throughout the South, especially among those who studied in the North.
The long-settled areas of states like Virginia and South Carolina developed the ante-bellum culture to its richest flowering, and there the memory is more precious, and the consciousness of loss the greater.
But apart from racial problems, the old unreconstructed South -- to use the moderate words favored by Mr. Thomas Griffith -- finds itself unsympathetic to most of what is different about the civilization of the North.
And there is no section of the nation more ardent than the South in the cold war against Communism.
This is not to say that the South is no longer agrarian ; ;
But the South is, and has been for the past century, engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which, oddly enough, is not reflected in its literature.
There is a New South emerging, a South losing the folksy traditions of an agrarian society with the rapidity of an avalanche -- especially within recent decades.
A new South is emerging after the post-bellum years of hesitation, uncertainty, and lack of action from the Negro in defining his new role in the amorphously defined socio-political organizations of the white man.
It is clear that, while most writers enjoy picturing the Negro as a woolly-headed, humble old agrarian who mutters `` yassuhs '' and `` sho' nufs '' with blissful deference to his white employer ( or, in Old South terms, `` massuh '' ), this stereotype is doomed to become in reality as obsolete as Caldwell's Lester.
In the meantime, while the South has been undergoing this phenomenal modernization that is so disappointing to the curious Yankee, Southern writers have certainly done little to reflect and promote their region's progress.
As his disciples boast, even though his emphasis is elsewhere, Faulkner does show his awareness of the changing order of the South quite keenly, as can be proven by a quick recalling of his Sartoris and Snopes families.
Who will deny that in a vast portion of the South the Federal action is incompatible with the Jeffersonian concept of `` the consent of the governed ''??
I'm talking about the grand manner of the Liberal -- North and South -- who is not affected personally.
His own testimony is that he has read very little in the history of the South, implying that what he knows of that history has come to him orally and that he knows the world around him primarily from his own unassisted observation.
His denials of extensive reading notwithstanding, it is no doubt safe to assume that he has spent time schooling himself in Southern history and that he has gained some acquaintance with the chief literary authors who have lived in the South or have written about the South.
But in looking at Faulkner against his background in Mississippi and the South, it is important not to lose the broader perspective.
My intention, therefore, is not to say that Faulkner's awareness has been confined within the borders of the South, but rather that he has looked at his world as a Southerner and that presumably his outlook is Southern.
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