Arianism is defined as those teachings attributed to Arius which are in opposition to mainstream Trinitarian Christological doctrine, as determined by the first two Ecumenical Councils and currently maintained by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and most Reformation Protestant Churches.

*** Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos ( Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches )

Further, proponents of the necessity of the personal apostolic succession of bishops within the Church point to the universal practice of the undivided early Church ( up to AD 431 ), before being divided into the Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

Churches that claim some form of episcopal apostolic succession, dating back to the apostles or to leaders from the apostolic era, include the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Church of the East, the Anglican Communion, and some Lutheran Churches ( see below ).

Roman Catholics recognize the validity of the apostolic successions of the bishops, and therefore the rest of the clergy, of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, and the Old Catholic Church ( Union of Utrecht only ).

Some Protestants feel that such claims of apostolic succession are proven false by the differences in traditions and doctrines between these churches: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox consider both the Church of the East and the Oriental Orthodox churches to be heretical, having been anathematized in the early ecumenical councils of Ephesus ( 431 ) and Chalcedon ( 451 ) respectively.

He is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church, Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion.

* Luso-Brazilian invasion ( 1816-1820 ): Was an armed conflict between the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and the partisans of José Artigas over the Banda Oriental ( Eastern Bank ), present-day Uruguay.

* Cisplatine War ( 1825 – 1828 ): Armed conflict over an area known as Banda Oriental or " Eastern Shore " between the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and Empire of Brazil in the aftermath of the United Provinces ' emancipation from Spain.

The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books.

Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic Churches, and in the Assyrian Church of the East, bishops claim apostolic succession, a direct historical lineage dating back to the original Twelve Apostles.

Bishops form the leadership in the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, the Lutheran Church, the Independent Catholic Churches, the Independent Anglican Churches, and certain other, smaller, denominations.

; Catholicos: Catholicoi are the heads of some of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Rite Catholic sui iuris churches ( notably the Armenian ), roughly similar to a Patriarch ( see above ).

In Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, and Anglicanism, only a bishop can ordain other bishops, priests, and deacons.

In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Anglican cathedrals there is a special chair set aside for the exclusive use of the bishop.

However, in the Byzantine and other Eastern rites, whether Eastern or Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Catholic, chrismation is done immediately after baptism, and thus the priest is the one who confirms, using chrism blessed by a bishop.

The Catholic Church does recognise as valid ( though illicit ) ordinations done by breakaway Catholic, Old Catholic or Oriental bishops, and groups descended from them ; it also regards as both valid and licit those ordinations done by bishops of the Eastern churches, so long as those receiving the ordination conform to other canonical requirements ( for example, is an adult male ) and an orthodox rite of episcopal ordination, expressing the proper functions and sacramental status of a bishop, is used ; this has given rise to the phenomenon of episcopi vagantes ( for example, clergy of the Independent Catholic groups which claim apostolic succession, though this claim is rejected by both Orthodoxy and Catholicism ).

There is a mutual recognition of the validity of orders amongst Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Nestorian churches.

A cathedral is a church, usually Roman Catholic, Anglican, Oriental Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox, housing the seat of a bishop.

It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church ( both Latin Rite and Eastern Catholic Churches ), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of churches.

As they do not receive Holy Orders in the Catholic, Orthodox and Oriental Churches, they do not possess the ability to ordain any religious to Holy Orders, or even admit their members to the non-ordained ministries to which they can be installed by the ordained clergy ( females do not serve as clergy anyway, per formal church teaching, in these churches ), nor do they exercise the authority they do possess under canon law over any territories outside of their monastery and its territory ( though non-cloistered, non-contemplative female religious members who are based in a convent or monastery but who participate in external affairs may assist as needed by the diocesan bishop and local secular clergy and laity, in certain pastoral ministries and administrative and non-administrative functions not requiring ordained ministry or status as a male cleric in those churches or programs ).

The Chalcedonian Creed, developed at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, though rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches, taught Christ " to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably ": one divine and one human, and that both natures are perfect but are nevertheless perfectly united into one person.

The Oriental Orthodox Churches ( also called Old Oriental Churches ) are those eastern churches that recognize the first three ecumenical councils — Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus — but reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon and instead espouse a Miaphysite christology.

Since the 1980s theologians from the Oriental ( non-Chalcedonian ) Orthodox and Eastern ( Chalcedonian ) Orthodox churches have been meeting in a bid to resolve theological differences, and have concluded that many of the differences are caused by the two groups using different terminology to describe the same thing ( see Agreed Official Statements on Christology with the Eastern Orthodox Churches ).

The two churches remain in full communion with each other and with the other Oriental Orthodox Churches, although the Coptic Orthodox Church does not recognize the deposition of the third Patriarch of Eritrea, Abune Antonios.

It is currently on display in The Louvre, with exact replicas in the Oriental Institute in the University of Chicago, the library of the Theological University of the Reformed Churches ( Dutch: Theologische Universiteit Kampen voor de Gereformeerde Kerken ) in The Netherlands and the Pergamon Museum of Berlin.

In the Amharic Bible used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church ( an Oriental Orthodox Church ), those books of the Old Testament that are still counted as canonical, but not by all other Churches, are often set in a separate section titled " Deeyutrokanoneekal " ( ዲዩትሮካኖኒካል ), which is the same word.

Since 1582, when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar, the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed.

The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar.

This applies to the validity and efficacy of the ordination of bishops and the other sacraments, not only of the Independent Catholic Churches, but also of all other Christian churches, including the Roman Catholic Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East.

Among the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church.

Reconciliatory efforts between Oriental Orthodox with the Eastern Orthodox and the Catholic Church in the mid-and late-20th century have led to common Christological declarations.

Eastern Christianity ( the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches ) have a very rich and ancient hymnographical tradition.

The bases of the relationship between watercourse and settlement have been summarized by Robert McCormick Adams, director of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

" Another July 1816 anonymous review, in the Augustan Review, claimed that the poem's descriptions " have much of the Oriental richness and harmony " but also said, in response to the preface, " There seems to be no great harm in dreaming while one sleeps ; but an author really should not thus dream while he is awake, and writing too.

Beck theorizes that the cult was created in Rome, by a single founder who had some knowledge of both Greek and Oriental religion, but suggests that some of the ideas used may have passed through the Hellenistic kingdoms.

The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East also insist on the need to have infants baptized as soon as is practicable after birth.

The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and Church of the East have sometimes used the term " transubstantiation " ( metousiosis ); however, terms such as " divine mystery ", " trans-elementation " ( μεταστοιχείωσις metastoicheiosis ), " re-ordination " ( μεταρρύθμισις metarrhythmisis ), or simply " change " ( μεταβολή ) are more common among them.

But many major figures, from Mozart to Flaubert, have produced significant works with Oriental subjects or treatments.

* 16 ) The Oriental Catholic Churches who have desired to re-establish full communion with the See of Rome and have remained faithful to it, have the rights and obligations which are connected with this communion.

From the first rap vinyl recorded in the Turkish language —‘ Bir Yabancının Hayatı ’ ( The Life of the Stranger ) by King Size Terror — to the creation of an entire subgenre — Oriental hip hop — Turkish youth in Germany have embraced and moved beyond pure imitation of African American hip-hop culture.

The Chalcedonian churches -- that is, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches together with those Protestant churches that accept at least the first four Ecumenical Councils -- have always considered monophysitism to be heretical and have generally viewed it as the ( explicit or implicit ) position of the Oriental Orthodox churches.

The five standard families consist of Floral, Oriental, Woody, Fougère, and Fresh, with the former four families being more " classic " while the latter consisting of newer bright and clean smelling citrus and oceanic fragrances that have arrived due to improvements in fragrance technology.

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians have an understanding of what full communion means that is very similar to that of the Catholic Church.

Though they have no figure corresponding to that of the Roman Catholic Pope, performing a function like that of the Pope's Petrine Office, they see each of their autocephalous Churches as embodiments of, respectively, the one Eastern Orthodox Church or the one Oriental Orthodox Church.

The Museum and the Oriental Tourism Board have combined to develop a 1. 2-mile historical walking tour covering 37 sites.

The original swamp forests have almost entirely been removed as the plain has been converted to rice paddies, other agriculture, and urban areas like the massive Bangkok, and much of the wildlife that once inhabited these plains has disappeared including a large number of fish in the river systems, birds such as vultures, the Oriental Darter, White-eyed River Martin ( Pseudochelidon sirintarae ) and the Sarus Crane and animals such as tigers, Asian elephants, Javan Rhinoceroses and the much-hunted Schomburgk's Deer.

The Oriental Orthodox Churches have continued to consider Jubilees an important book of the Bible and older than Genesis.