Opium is mentioned in the most important medical texts of the ancient world, including the Ebers Papyrus and the writings of Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna.

The Ebers Papyrus, ca.

These documents provide important information on ancient writings ; they give us the only extant copy of Menander, the Egyptian Book of the Dead, Egyptian treatises on medicine ( the Ebers Papyrus ) and on surgery ( the Edwin Smith papyrus ), Egyptian mathematical treatises ( the Rhind papyrus ), and Egyptian folk tales ( the Westcar papyrus ).

The procedures were documented on papyrus and were the first to describe patient case files ; the Edwin Smith Papyrus ( held in the New York Academy of Medicine ) documents surgical procedures based on anatomy and physiology, while the Ebers Papyrus describes healing based on magic.

The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the Ebers Papyrus ( 16th century BCE ), an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual.

Egyptians called it sesemt, and it is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the Ebers Papyrus dated to be over 3600 years old.

The 110-page Ebers Papyrus, an Egyptian medical papyrus which dates to roughly 1550 BC, also makes reference to the tracheotomy.

1550 BCE, named for him ( see Ebers Papyrus ) at Luxor ( Thebes ) in the winter of 1873 – 74.

Now in the Library of the University of Leipzig, the Ebers Papyrus is among the most important ancient Egyptian medical papyri.

In 1874 he edited the celebrated medical papyrus ( Papyrus Ebers ) which he had discovered in Thebes ( translation by H. Joachim, 1890 ).

This negative view of Papyrus Ebers is exemplified in a statement by Professor Jürgen von Beckerath who is of the opinion that " The calendar on the verso of the Ebers Medical Papyrus is by now so disputed that we must ask ourselves whether we really possess a sure basis for the chronology of this period of Egyptian history which is, after all, of the greatest importance for fixing the sequence of historical events, as well as for neighbouring countries ".

Having questioned the value of the Ebers Papyrus, Rohl argues that, since the lunar cycle repeats itself every twenty-five years, it is only useful for fine tuning a chronology and could equally apply to dates 300 years later as in the New Chronology.

Pre-dating the Indian Sushruta samhita medical compendium is the Ebers Papyrus ( ca.

Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus of the 16th century BC.

The antiquity of these tools is well documented in early literature, such as the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus of ~ 1550 BCE ( the oldest preserved piece of medical literature ) and the Old Testament ( Numbers 11: 8 and Proverbs 27: 22 ).

The Ebers Papyrus ( c. 1550 BCE ) from Ancient Egypt

The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an Egyptian medical papyrus dating to c. 1550 BCE.

This group includes the Rylands Library Papyrus P52, containing part of St John's Gospel, and perhaps dating from between 125 and 160.

The Rylands Library Papyrus P52 | Rylands Papyrus is perhaps the earliest New Testament fragment ; dated from its handwriting to about 125.

Other notable early manuscripts of John include Papyrus 66 and Papyrus 75, in consequence of which a substantially complete text of the Gospel of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest.

A folio from Papyrus 46 | P46, an early-3rd-century collection of Pauline epistles.

Papyrus () is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt.

Papyrus is made from the stem of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus.

Papyrus is still used by communities living in the vicinity of swamps, to the extent that rural householders derive up to 75 % of their income from swamp goods.

The Milan Papyrus, recovered from a dismantled mummy casing and published in 2001, has revealed the high esteem in which the poet Posidippus of Pella, an important composer of epigrams ( 3rd century BC ), held Sappho's " divine songs ".

For a real example of the unary system in ancient mathematics, see the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, dating from circa 1800 BC.

A page from Gospel of Matthew | Matthew, from Papyrus 1, c. 250

* Tale of Two Brothers from the Egyptian Papyrus D ’ Orbiney by the scribe Ennana.

The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE, and the Aleppo Codex ( once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section ) dates from the 10th century. The Nash Papyrus ( 2nd century BCE ) contains a portion of a pre-Masoretic Text, specifically the Ten Commandments and the Shema Yisrael prayer.

Papyrus recognised the ride-height problem and the first patch ( version 1. 1 ) prevented setups from being lower than.

Since the game was proprietary software, and there were no official tools or SDKs available from Papyrus, almost everything had to be worked out from scratch, the whole process taking about four years.

This detail scene from the Papyrus of Hunefer ( ca.

Papyrus ranges from subtropical to tropical desert to wet forests, tolerating annual temperatures of to and a pH of 6. 0 to 8. 5.

Papyrus swamps provide hypoxic and structural refugia for cichlids from the large predatory Nile Perch and are an important habitat for several endangered bird species.

Very early examples are Epic of Gilgamesh, in its Sumerian version predating 2000 BC, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead written down in the Papyrus of Ani in approximately 1250 BC but probably dates from about the 18th century BC.

Folio from Papyrus 46, containing 2 Corinthians 11: 33 – 12: 9

This detail scene, from the Papyrus of Hunefer ( ca.

Problem 14 in the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus gives the only ancient example finding the volume of a frustum of a pyramid, describing the correct formula:

Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is sometimes credited with being the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine and with being the original author of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, detailing cures, ailments and anatomical observations.

The most ancient mathematical texts available are Plimpton 322 ( Babylonian mathematics c. 1900 BC ), the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ( Egyptian mathematics c. 2000-1800 BC ) and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus ( Egyptian mathematics c. 1890 BC ).

Papyrus is first known to have been used in ancient Egypt ( at least as far back as the First Dynasty ), but it was also used throughout the Mediterranean region.

The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun ( 1900 BCE ) and Vedic literature in ancient India offer one of the first written records of veterinary medicine.

The only genuinely ancient items-Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and Story of Wenamun-had been contributed by Vladimir Golenishchev three years earlier.

One ancient Egyptian myth preserved in the Papyrus Westcar recounts the story of Isis, Nephthys, Meskhenet, and Heqet as traveling dancers in disguise, assisting the wife of a priest of Amun-Re as she prepares to bring forth sons who are destined for fame and fortune.

One aspect of ancient Egyptian funerary literature which often is mistaken for a codified ethic of Maat is Spell ( Chapter ) 125 of the Book of the Dead or Papyrus of Ani ( known to the ancient Egyptians as The Book of Going Forth by Day ).

He also owned 19 ancient Egyptian papyri that he gave to the British Museum, including the Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri and the Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus .< REF NAME =" MARRY-2004 "> Marry 2004 .</ ref > He moved his collections to Dublin, Ireland, in 1950.

p ' ye-baek – pacte civil de solidarité – pain during intercourse – painful ejaculation – painful intercourse – painful ovulation – painful sex – pair-bonding – pairbond – pait likkhi – panderer – pandering – pansexual – pansexuality – panty fetishism – panty liner – panty pad – pantyhose fetishism – para 0 – para 1 – paramesonephric ducts – paranymph – paraphilia – paraphiliac – paraphilic adolescentilism – paraphilic gerontalism – paraphilic infantilism – paraphilic juvenilism – paraphimosis – parasympathetic nervous system – paraurethral glands – parovarium – paroöphoron – Parsee wedding – Parsi marriage customs – Parsi wedding – parthenogenesis – parthenos – partial androgen insensitivity syndrome – partialism – partialism ( paraphilia ) – partible paternity – party and play – passivism – pasties-paternity – paternity suit – pathicus – patriarchy – patrilocal residence – pearling – pearly penile papules – pecattiphilia – pedal pumping – pederasty – pediophilia – pedophilia – pedophilia and sexual orientation – peep show – Peeping Tom – peg boy – pegging – pelvic exam – pelvic examination – pelvic floor – pelvic floor muscles – pelvic inflammatory disease – pelvic malignancy – pelvic pain – penectomy – penetration – penetration phobia – penetration toy – penetrative sexual intercourse – penile anesthesia – penile cancer – penile fracture – penile inversion – penile ligation – penile plethysmography – penile suspensory ligament – penis – penis captivus – penis diameter – penis enlargement – penis extension – penis girth – penis gourd – penis length – penis modification – penis panic – penis pump – penis reattachment – penis removal – penis size – penis sleeve – penis substitute – penis transplantation – penis width – penoclitoris – peodeiktophilia – peptide hormone – perceptual image – The Perfumed Garden – perimenopause – perimetrium – perineal massage – perineal raphe – perineal reflex – perineal urethra – perineum – period – peripheral nervous system – peritomy – persistent Müllerian duct syndrome – persistent sexual arousal syndrome – persistent soliciting – personal ad – perversion – pervertible – pessary – petticoat discipline – petticoat punishment – petticoating – Petri Papyrus – petting – Peyronie disease – phallic stage – phallic symbol – phallometry – phallophilia – phalloplasty – phallus – phantom pregnancy – phenotypic matching – pheromone – philanderer – philosophy of sex – phimosis – phlebotomy – phobias – phobophilia – phone sex – Phthirius pubis – phygephilia – phylogeny – physical intimacy – pick-up artist – pictophilia – picture bride – pie throwing – piercings – the Pill – pimp – pinafore eroticism – pinaforing – pinching – pink salon – piquerism – pitching woo – pituitary gland – pity fuck – placenta – placental abruption – Planned Parenthood – plastic clothing – plateau phase – Plato's androgyne – Platonic love – Platonic marriage – Platonic relationship – play ( sexology ) – play piercing – playsuit ( lingerie ) – plaçage – plethysmography – plural marriage – plushophile – plushophilia – PnP – podophilia – point of no return – polyamory – polyandry – polyandry in Tibet – polycystic ovary syndrome – polyfidelity – polygamy – polygynandry – polygyny – polyiterophilia – polymastia – polymorphous perverse – polymorphous perversity – polythelia – pomosexual – pompoir – pony boots ( fetish footwear ) – ponyboy – ponygirl – poppers – popping her cherry – population control – Pornographic film actor – pornai – pornographic magazine – pornographic movie – pornographic novel – pornography – pornography in Europe – pornography in Japan – pornography in the United States – post-coital tristesse – post-natal depression – post-orgasmic pain – post-partum sex taboo – posterior commissure of labia – posthumous marriage – postmasturbatory urine – postpartum examination – potency – pozcum – pre-eclampsia – pre-ejaculate – pre-ejaculatory fluid – pre-marital sex – pre-menstrual tension – pre-op transsexual – precocious puberty – predicament bondage – prednisone – pregnancy – pregnancy fetishism – pregnancy over age 50 – Prehn's sign – preimplantation genetic diagnosis – premarital intercourse – premature ejaculation – premature puberty – premenstrual dysphoric disorder – premenstrual stress syndrome – prenatal masculinization – prenatal screening – prenatal testing – prenuptial agreement – prepenetrative orgasm – prepuce ( disambiguation ) – prepuce plasty – preputial plasty – preputial ring – preputial stenosis – preputioplasty – President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography – priapism – Priapus – primatologist – primigravida – Prince Albert piercing – prince's wand – Princess Albertina – prison rape – prison sexuality – private dancer-proceptive phase – procurer – professional dominant – professional dominatrix – professional submissive – progesterone – progesterone only pill – progestin – progestin-induced hermaphroditism – progestin-induced virilisation – progestogen – prohibited degree of kinship – prolactin – prolactin-inhibitory factor – promiscuity – prophylactic – prostaglandins – prostate – prostate cancer – prostate massage – prostate milking – prostate orgasm – prostate specific antigen – prostate-specific antigen – prostatectomy – prostatic congestion – prostatic ducts – prostatic sinus – prostatic urethra – prostatic utricle – prostatitis – prosthesis – prosthetic testis – prosthetics – prostitute – prostitute's maid – prostitutes ' maid – prostitution – prostitution in Africa – prostitution in ancient Egypt – prostitution in ancient Greece – prostitution in ancient Rome – prostitution in Asia – prostitution in Australia – prostitution in Austria – prostitution in Canada – prostitution in China – prostitution in Denmark – prostitution in Europe – prostitution in Finland – prostitution in France – prostitution in Germany – prostitution in Hong Kong – prostitution in Iceland – prostitution in India – prostitution in Italy – prostitution in Japan – prostitution in Latin America – prostitution in Medieval Europe – prostitution in Myanmar – prostitution in Nepal – prostitution in Nevada – prostitution in New Zealand – prostitution in Rhode Island – prostitution in Russia – prostitution in Saudi Arabia – prostitution in South Korea – prostitution in Sweden – prostitution in Taiwan – prostitution in Thailand – prostitution in the Czech Republic – prostitution in the Netherlands – prostitution in the People's Republic of China – prostitution in the Philippines – prostitution in the Republic of Ireland – prostitution in the United Kingdom – prostitution in the United States – proxy marriage – proxy wedding – prudery – pseudocyesis – pseudohermaphrodite – pseudohermaphroditism – pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias – psychoendocrinology – psychohormonal – psycholagny – psychomotor epilepsy – Psychopathia Sexualis – psychopathia transsexualis – psychopathic – psychosexual development – psychosexual disorder – psychosexual inversion – psychosexual stages – psychrophilia – PT-141 – pubertal delay – puberty – puberty blockers – pubic depilation – pubic dressing – pubic hair – pubic lice – pubic piercing – pubic shaving – pubic symphysis – public nudity – public sex – pubococcygeus muscle – pudenda – pudendal cleft – pudendal nerve – puerperal psychosis – puerperium – pup-play – purdah – puritan – puritanism – purity ring – putative marriage – PVC fetishism – pygmalionism – pygophilia – pyromania – pyrophilia –

After the Sumerians some of the most famous ancient works on mathematics come from Egypt in the form of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus.

The first known written record of a study of the anatomy of the human brain is the ancient Egyptian document the Edwin Smith Papyrus.

The Ebers Papyrus is written in hieratic Egyptian writing and preserves for us the most voluminous record of ancient Egyptian medicine known.

< center > A page from the Ebers Papyrus, the most complete and extensive of surviving ancient herbals .</ center >

The ancient Egyptian Papyrus Ebers is one of the earliest known herbals ; it dates to 1550 BCE and is based on sources, now lost, dating back a further 500 to 2000 years.