* 479 BC – Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan commander of the Greek army in the Battle of Plataea.

" Although a Greek, he may have been a soldier of the Persian army when Clazomenae was suppressed during the Ionian Revolt.

In 490 BC, Aeschylus and his brother Cynegeirus fought to defend Athens against Darius I's invading Persian army at the Battle of Marathon.

Xerxes then personally led a second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, taking an enormous ( although oft-exaggerated ) army and navy to Greece.

The following year, 479 BC, the Allies assembled the largest Greek army yet seen and defeated the Persian invasion force at the Battle of Plataea, ending the invasion and the threat to Greece.

* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persian at Ar-Raqqah ( northern Syria ).

Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz and in October, 1813, Persia was compelled to make a disadvantageous peace, ceding some territory in the Caucasus ( present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the Republic of Azerbaijan ).

He is most remembered for his valor in battle and his failed attempts to modernize the Persian army.

This theory therefore utilises Herodotus ' suggestion that after Marathon, the Persian army re-embarked and tried to sail around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly ; however, according to the first theory this attempt would have occurred before the battle ( and indeed have triggered the battle ).

Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army, only saying that they were a " large infantry that was well packed ".

The Athenian strategy was therefore to keep the Persian army pinned down at Marathon, blocking both exits from the plain, and thus preventing themselves from being outmaneuvered.

Passing through the hail of arrows launched by the Persian army, protected for the most part by their armour, the Greek line finally collided with the enemy army.

Then, following the battle, the Athenian army marched the 40 ( 25 miles ) or so kilometers back to Athens at a very high pace ( considering the quantity of armour, and the fatigue after the battle ), in order to head off the Persian force sailing around Cape Sounion.

The Persian army of Xerxes I of Persia and later the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great crossed the Dardanelles in opposite directions to invade each other's lands, in 480 BC and 334 BC respectively.

The army expanded to about 580, 000 men from a 285 strength of 390, 000, of which 310, 000 men were stationed in the East, most of whom manned the Persian frontier.

* 627 – Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II's Persian forces, commanded by General Rhahzadh.

Afghanistan was inhabited by the Aryan tribes and controlled by the Medes until about 500 BC when Darius the Great ( Darius I ) marched with his Persian army to make it part of the Zoroastrian Achaemenid Empire.

His familiarity with Athenian tragedy is demonstrated, for example, in a number of passages echoing Aeschylus's Persae, including the epigrammatic observation that the defeat of the Persian navy at Salamis caused the defeat of the land army ( Hist.

Mahmud led an Afghan army into Persia in 1722 and defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Gulnabad.

The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines ; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus.

In 530 a Persian army was defeated at Dara, but the next year saw the defeat of Roman forces under Belisarius near Callinicum.

As the army marched toward the Persian capital, the enemy broke the dikes which crossed the land, turning it into marshland, so the army's progress was slowed.

Areas of the south east such as Harran and the Hakkari mountains continued to be inhabited by remnants of the Assyrians, but these regions remained under Parthian and then Sassanid Persian rule.

Only then in fact was payment for assembly attendance, the central event of democracy ( Similarly for the period before the Persian wars, but for the very early democracy the sources are very meagre and it can be thought of as being in an embryonic state ).

All of Greece except the Peloponnesus thus having fallen into Persian hands, the Persians then seeking to destroy the Allied navy once and for all, suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Salamis.

Persian King Darius I the Great, in an attempt to subdue the Scythian horsemen who roamed across the north of the Black Sea, crossed through the Bosphorus, then marched towards the Danube River.

The Persian force then sailed for Attica, landing in the bay near the town of Marathon.

Herodotus, who has been called the ' Father of History ', was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor ( then under Persian overlordship ).

However, this was as much as the Greeks achieved, and they were then pursued back to the coast by Persian horsemen, losing many men in the process.

The expedition was intended to bring the Cyclades into the Persian empire, to punish Naxos ( which had resisted a Persian assault in 499 BC ) and then to head to Greece to force Eretria and Athens to submit to Darius or be destroyed.

The battle ended when the Persian centre then broke in panic towards their ships, pursued by the Greeks.

The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Oman (— Ḫalīdj ʾUmān ; alternatively known as خليج مکران —, Ḫalīdj Makrān ; in Persian: دریای عمان Daryā-ye Ommān, or دریای مکران Daryā-ye Makrān ; in Khaleej Oman ) is a strait ( and not an actual gulf ) that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then runs to the Persian Gulf.

The Sanskrit word was changed to Bodisav in Persian texts in the 6th or 7th century, then to Budhasaf or Yudasaf in an 8th-century Arabic document ( possibly by Arabic initial " b " ﺑ changed to " y " ﻳ by duplication of a dot in handwriting ).

whilst Humayun fled to Persia to seek the alliance of Shah Tahmasp I and recaptured Kabul from his brother Kamran Mirza with Persian military assistance and then against the Sur Dynasty and his own rebellious family members.

As a British possession until 1967, they were administered by the British Governor of Aden until 1953, then by the British High Commissioner until 1963, and finally by the British Chief Political Resident of the Persian Gulf ( based in Bahrain ).

Aramaic, which had already become common in Mesopotamia, then became the official provincial administration language of first the Neo Assyrian Empire, and then the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

The Sumerian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Indian, Minoan, Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab Empires all made widespread use of opium, which was the most potent form of pain relief then available, allowing ancient surgeons to perform prolonged surgical procedures.

When the U. K. announced a policy in 1968 ( reaffirmed in March 1971 ) of ending the treaty relationships with the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Qatar joined the other eight states then under British protection ( the seven trucial sheikdoms — the present United Arab Emirates -- and Bahrain ) in a plan to form a union of Arab emirates.

The Persian Emperor Cambyses II upon conquering Ancient Egypt sent ambassadors to Macrobia bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission, but instead the Macrobian ruler replied with a challenge for the Persian ruler in the form of an unstrung bow, that if the Persians could manage to string, they would have the right to invade his country, but until then they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.

Sufis have spanned several continents and cultures over a millennium, at first expressed through Arabic, then through Persian, Turkish and a dozen other languages.

At the end of the Persian era in 351 BCE, it was invaded by the emperor Artaxerxes III and then by Alexander the Great in 333 BCE when the Hellenistic era of Sidon began.

After a surreal dream blending the themes of bowling, the Persian Gulf War, Maude ’ s “ vaginal ” art, and the nihilists, The Dude wakes up in a police car and is then placed in front of the police chief of Malibu.