Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle, Sigismund I the Old, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern Prussia, which had been held by the Order under Polish suzerainty since the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ).

Prussian Homage ( painting ) | Prussian Homage: Albert and his brothers receive the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from Polish King Sigismund I the Old, 1525.

File: Johann_Haller, _Commune_Incliti_Poloniae_regni_privilegium_constitutionum_et_indultuum_publicitus_decretorum_approbatorumque_ ( 1506, _cropped ). jpg | King Alexander in Polish Senate, 1506.

The Polish infantry centre, under the personal command of King John Casimir, advanced slowly forward.

" In Satira, he attacked Polish King Jogaila, calling him a " mad dog " unworthy to be king.

Pope Martin V appointed Polish King Jogaila and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas as vicar generals in Pskov and Veliky Novgorod in recognition of their Catholicism.

By September the Imperial forces under the Duke of Lorraine, together with a powerful Polish army under King John III Sobieski, were poised to strike the Sultan's army investing Vienna.

Handed over to Polish King Augustus II in 1712.

Eugeniusz Bodo, the " King of Polish actors " of the 1930s

At the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ), the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Polish King John III Sobieski, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, ending the western colonial Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.

Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry established a Polish Church province, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned in 1025, becoming the first King of Poland.

* 1569 – The King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund II Augustus finally sign the document of union between Poland and Lithuania, creating new country known as Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

* 1656 – Swedish forces under the command of King Charles X Gustav defeat the forces of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth at the Battle of Warsaw.

In 1611, John Sigismund traveled from Köningsberg to Warsaw, where on 16 November 1611 he gave feudal homage to Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland ( the Duchy of Prussia was a Polish fief at the time ).

According to Polish medieval chronicles, she was sent to Hungary as a bride of the son of King Béla II.

Polish law had no provision for a female ruler ( queen regnant ), but did not specify that the King had to be a male.

After all parties had been financially drained, Frederick II let his ally, King Sigismund II Augustus of Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth, know that he was ready for peace.

Lesser Poland, or Polonia Minor, appeared for the first time in historical documents in 1493, in the Statutes of Piotrków, during the reign of King Jan Olbracht, to distinguish this province from the cradle of the Polish state, Greater Poland ( Polonia Maior ).

His determined Prussian wife showed a strong dislike for this Swedish suitor, because Prussia was a Polish fief and the Polish King Sigismund III Vasa still resented his loss of Sweden to Gustavus Adolphus ' father Charles IX.

The Emperor accused the Polish ruler of an illegal coronation as King and declared him a usurper.

In response, the Emperor organized another expedition against the Polish King, this time by organizing a coalition against Mieszko II.

As a result, the Polish King lost portions of the lands taken by his father Bolesław I, who warred often against the Emperor Henry II.

On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland ( also King of Hungary ) and János Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, which was the final battle of the Crusade of Varna.

In the 20th century, other operas created by Polish composers included King Roger by Karol Szymanowski and Ubu Rex by Krzysztof Penderecki.

As the great grandson of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon, and as a Duke in Prussia who was fluent in Polish, Albert Frederick was seriously considered for a time as a possible candidate for the Polish throne.

The Polish forces consisted of the mercenaries hired by the Polish king, Casimir IV the Jagiellon and the Hanseatic city of Danzig ( Gdańsk ).

* Casimir IV Jagiellon ( 1427 – 1492 ), Polish king

Casimir is the only Polish king who both received and kept the title of the Great in Polish history ( Bolesław I Chrobry is also called the Great, but his title Chrobry ( Valiant ) is now more common ).

Casimir the Great built many new castles ( including Wawel Castle ), reformed the Polish army and Polish civil and criminal law.

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

During the reign of Casimir I the Restorer, Kraków for the first time became the capital of Poland ( around 1040 ), since Greater Poland and Silesia, with main Polish urban centers, such as Gniezno and Poznań were ravaged by Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia.

The name Dagomir is used to this day and its construction is similar to other Polish names like for example: Władimir / Włodzimierz or Casimir / Kazimierz.

* July 26 – Duke Casimir I of Poland ( Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel )

In 1335 in Congress of Visegrád, Władysław's successor King Casimir III the Great of Poland paid a significant amount of money in exchange for John's giving up his claim to the Polish throne.

Louis released Holland and Hainaut for his brothers William I and Albert I in 1349, since he expected to acquire the Polish crown by his marriage with Cunigunde of Poland, a daughter of Casimir III and Aldona Ona of Lithuania.

The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America ( PIASA ) annually honors Polish-American scientists with the Casimir Funk Natural Sciences Award.

The son of King Casimir IV Jagiellon and Elisabeth of Austria, Sigismund followed his brothers John I of Poland and Alexander I of Poland to the Polish throne.

Soon after Jagiello accession to the Polish throne, Jagiello granted Vilnius a city charter like that of Kraków, modeled on the Magdeburg Law ; and Vytautas issued a privilege to a Jewish commune of Trakai on almost the same terms as privileges issued to the Jews of Poland in the reigns of Boleslaus the Pious and Casimir the Great.

In Saalfeld Richeza led the Polish opposition which supported her son Casimir, who in 1039, with the help of Conrad II, finally obtain the Polish throne.

Following the abdication of King John II Casimir Vasa and the end of The Deluge, the Polish nobility elected Michał to the Polish throne.

The Second Peace of Thorn of 1466 (; ) was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn ( Toruń ) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other.