The same word in adjectival form ( purgatorius-a-um, cleansing ), which appears also in non-religious writing, was already used by Christians such as Augustine of Hippo and Pope Gregory I to refer to an after-death cleansing.

" On his arrival in Rome, however, charges of simony, or the buying of ecclesiastical office, and lack of learning were brought against him, and his elevation to York was refused by Pope Nicholas II, who also deposed him from Worcester.

Before his death, he was absolved from the excommunication ; moreover, the Pope also promised that the King of Hungary and his relatives would not be excommunicated without the special permission of the Pope.

They also point to the fact that the monarch must swear to defend the faith and be a member of the Anglican Communion, but that a Roman Catholic monarch would, like all Roman Catholics, owe allegiance to the Pope.

It is also usual for there to be a caesura between the sixth and seventh syllables ( as the examples from Pope below illustrate ).

The same Pope also granted many privileges to the College of Abbreviators, but especially to the members of the greater presidency.

Alexander of Hales ( c. 1185 — 1245 ) ( also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius ) also called Doctor Irrefragibilis ( by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi ) and Theologorum Monarcha was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

Pope John XXIII also revised the Breviary in 1960, introducing changes drawn up by his predecessor Pope Pius XII.

Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who are made cardinals.

In 1965 Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad Purpuratorum Patrum that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals would also be part of the episcopal order, ranked after the six cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees ( who had been relieved of direct responsibilities for those sees by Pope John XXIII three years earlier ).

This proposal met the opposition of the Pope for it gave recognition to Protestants and also elevated the secular Princes of Europe above the clergy on church matters.

The Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Church celebrate his feast day on 9 June and also, together with Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria, on 18 January.

She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, also asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States.

She also tried to convince Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome.

The Ecumenical Council of Nicea AD 325 was convened by Constantine under the presidency of Saint Hosius of Cordova and Pope Saint Alexander I of Alexandria to resolve the dispute and eventually led to the formulation of the Symbol of Faith, also known as the Nicene Creed.

It is also to be noted that by anathemizing Pope Leo because of the tone and content of his tome, as per Alexandrine Theology perception, Pope Dioscorus was found guilty of doing so without due process ; in other words, the Tome of Leo was not a subject of heresy in the first place, but it was a question of questioning the reasons behind not having it either acknowledged or read at the Second Council of Ephesus in AD 449.

Copts also believe that the Pope of Alexandria was forcibly prevented from attending the third congregation of the council from which he was ousted, apparently the result of a conspiracy tailored by the Roman delegates.

They had to contend not only with the Cathars, the nobles who protected them, and the people who respected them, but also with many of the bishops of the region, who resented the considerable authority the Pope had conferred upon his legates.

Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

To remedy this and to restore the old established chancery style, the Pope selected out of the many then living Abbreviators seventy, and formed them into a college of prelates, and decreed that their office should be perpetual, that certain emoluments should be attached to it, and granted certain privileges to the possessors of the same.

Pope Leo XIII ( Motu Proprio, 4 July 1898 ) most solemnly decreed the abolition of all venality in the transfer or Collation of the said offices.

In 1173 Pope Alexander III, after reprimanding certain bishops for having permitted veneration of a man who was far from being a saint, decreed: " You shall not therefore presume to honour him in the future ; for, even if miracles were worked through him, it is not lawful for you to venerate him as a saint without the authority of the Catholic Church.

This had been decreed by Pope Nicholas II in 1059.

This anachronism appears to link the Gospel of Barnabas to the declaration of a Holy Year in 1300 by Pope Boniface VIII ; a Jubilee which he then decreed should be repeated every hundred years.

Later, Pope Pius XI on 2 June 1927 decreed the Comma Johanneum was open to dispute and Pope Pius XII on 3 September 1943 decreed the Divino Afflante Spiritu which allowed translations based on other versions than just the Latin Vulgate, notably in English the New American Bible.

This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected ; this was prompted by the three-year Sede Vacante following the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268.

In particular, Gregory decreed in this second council that only the Pope could appoint or depose bishops or move them from see to see, an act which was later to cause the Investiture Controversy.

After Leo IV, Pope Nicholas I, who had been made a deacon by Leo IV, decreed that the figure of the cock ( rooster ) should be placed on every church.

The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed ( canon xv ): " We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics ".

Shortly afterwards, the Pope decreed sentences of excommunication against Henry and Cranmer.

In 1184, Pope Lucius III decreed Ad abolendam that all " counts, barons, rectors, consuls of cities and other places " who did not join in the struggle against heresy when called upon to do so would be excommunicated and their territories placed under interdict – and declared that these provisions joined the apostolic authority of the church with the sanction of imperial power.

The 14 February 1961 Instruction of the Congregation for Rites on the application to local calendars of Pope John XXIII's motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of 25 July 1960 decreed that " the feast of ' Saint Anacletus ', on whatever ground and in whatever grade it is celebrated, is transferred to 26 April, under its right name, ' Saint Cletus '.

Pope Leo X ( 1513 – 1521 ) decreed that the use of the name Scotia be confined to referring to land that is now Scotland.

The Catholic News Agency ( CNA ), in an online news story article posted by Alejandro Bermudez on Saturday, March 31, 2012, stated that, in response to a specific request made personally to Cuban President Raul Castro by Pope Benedict XVI, during his Apostolic Visitation of Leon, Mexico and the island in March of 2012, following the pattern of small advances in Church-Cuban relations, it was decreed by the Communist Party and Castro and his advisers that in 2012, Good Friday would be made a holiday, with a possibility that the move could perhaps be made permanent ( following the move of the late Pope John Paul II, who got Fidel Castro to declare Christmas Day a holiday-which is still the case-due to a personal request during his landmark trip in 1998 ).

On the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west and south of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain, although territory under Christian rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched.

Pope Calixtus II decreed that two pilgrimages to St David's were equivalent to one to Rome (" Roma semel quantum dat bis Menevia tantum ").

On July 7, 1997, Pope John Paul II decreed Charlie's heroic sanctity and service in his life.

On certain occasions, as for instance at the Day Mass on Christmas Day, another Gospel passage was read instead because that Gospel is read as the Gospel of the Mass, but Pope John XXIII's revision of the rubrics decreed that on those and on other occasions the Last Gospel should simply be omitted.

The Pope asked for a three-day respite.

The first volume of the Disputationes treats of the Word of God, of Christ, and of the Pope ; the second of the authority of ecumenical councils, and of the Church, whether militant, expectant, or triumphant ; the third of the sacraments ; and the fourth of Divine grace, free will, justification, and good works.

While from a Catholic viewpoint there have been tensions concerning some developments of the practice, the Pope said, there is no denying the goodness of the intention that inspired its defence, which was to stress that man is offered the concrete possibility of uniting himself in his inner heart with God in that profound union of grace known as theosis, divinization.

The Pope began to speak for a very last time: " I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord.

The papal bull Cum occasione, issued by Pope Innocent X in 1653, condemned five cardinal doctrines of Jansenism as heresy — especially the relationship between human free will and efficacious grace, wherein the teachings of Augustine contradicted the teachings of the Jesuit School.

In 1642, Pope Urban VIII followed up with a papal bull entitled In eminenti, which condemned Augustinus on the grounds that ( 1 ) it was published in violation of the order that no works concerning grace should be published without the prior permission of the Holy See ; and ( 2 ) the work repeated several errors of Baianism which had been condemned by Pope Pius V's 1567 bull, Ex omnibus afflictionibus.

Pope Shenouda III was involved in theological disagreements concerning the issue of theosis — the transforming effect of divine grace ; he published eight booklets explaining his view of theosis and lectured on the issue in the theological seminary of Cairo and also in the seminary of Alexandria.

The effectiveness of these indulgences was predicated on the doctrine of the treasury of grace proclaimed by Pope Clement VI.

Germanus went to combat the threat and satisfy the Pope that the British church would not break away from the Augustinian teachings of divine grace.

In his encyclical Mystici Corporis, 103 Pope Pius XII said thatthose who do not belong to the visible Body of the Catholic Church … We ask each and every one of them to correspond to the interior movements of grace, and to seek to withdraw from that state in which they cannot be secure about their salvation. Pius IX, Iam Vos Omnes, 13 Sept. 1868 For even though by an unconscious desire and longing have a certain relationship with the Mystical Body of the Redeemer, they still remain deprived of those many heavenly gifts and helps which can only be enjoyed in the Catholic Church.

Alexander Pope, in his Sober Advice from Horace, wrote of her " Engaging Oldfield, who, with grace and ease, Could join the arts to ruin and to please.

Reformatting native religious and cultural activities and beliefs into a Christianized form was officially sanctioned ; preserved in the Venerable Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum is a letter from Pope Gregory I to Mellitus, arguing that conversions were easier if people were allowed to retain the outward forms of their traditions, while claiming that the traditions were in honour of the Christian God, " to the end that, whilst some gratifications are outwardly permitted them, they may the more easily consent to the inward consolations of the grace of God ".

The doctrine takes its name from Pelagius, a British monk who was accused of developing the doctrine ( he himself appears to have claimed that man does not do good apart from grace in his letters, claiming only that all men have free will by God's gift ); it was opposed especially by Augustine of Hippo and was declared a heresy by Pope Zosimus in 418.

Lowell wrote that Jarrell was " the most talented poet under forty, and one whose wit, pathos, and grace remind us more of Pope or Matthew Arnold than of any of his contemporaries.

In the Catholic Church, debates concerning the respective role of efficacious grace and free will led to the establishment of the Congregatio de Auxiliis at the end of the 16th century by the Pope Clement VIII.

Pope John Paul II would spend many hours in silent Eucharistic adoration and stated that the practice provides contact with the " very wellspring of grace ".

In 1899, Pope Leo XIII sent Gibbons a letter, known by its first words in Latin Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae, concerning new opinions on virtue, nature and grace, religious life and other matters, with regard to so called " americanism ".

In the Seventeenth Letter, Pascal took again the problem of the efficacious grace and of the " de facto vs de juris " debate concerning the inclusion, or not, of the 5 Propositions condemned by the Pope in the Cum Occasione papal bull, in Jansenius's work ( see Formulary controversy for details ).

Some of the members identified themselves with the Jansenist cause ; but the bulk, including nearly all the greatest names, pursued a middle path, opposing the lax moral theology condemned in 1679 by Pope Innocent XI, and adhering to those strong views on grace and predestination associated with the Augustinian and Thomist schools of Roman Catholic theology ; and like all the theological faculties and schools on French soil, they were bound to teach the four Gallican articles.