The Poynting-Robertson effect ( Robertson, 1937 ; ;

Further, the corpuscular radiation, i.e., the solar-wind protons, must sputter away the surface atoms of the dust and cause a slow diminution in size, with a resultant increase in both the Poynting-Robertson effect and the ratio of the repulsive force to the gravitational force.

The Poynting-Robertson effect causes the semi-major axis of orbits to diminish more rapidly than the semi-minor axis, with a consequent tendency toward circular orbits as the particles move toward the sun.

De Jager ( 1955 ) has calculated the times required for these particles to reach the atmosphere under the influence of the Poynting-Robertson effect, which in this case causes the orbits to become more and more eccentric without changing the semi-major axis.

The solar-electromagnetic- and corpuscular-radiation pressure and the associated Poynting-Robertson effect increase in effectiveness as the particle size decreases and modify the distribution and limit sizes to larger than a few microns.

* March 30-John Henry Poynting ( born 1852 ), English physicist, discovered the Poynting-Robertson effect and developed the Poynting vector.

* September 9-John Henry Poynting ( died 1914 ), English physicist, discoverer of the Poynting-Robertson effect and the Poynting vector.

The main physical processes " affecting " ( destruction or expulsion mechanisms ) interplanetary dust particles are: expulsion by radiation pressure, inward Poynting-Robertson ( PR ) radiation drag, solar wind pressure ( with significant electromagnetic effects ), sublimation, mutual collisions, and the dynamical effects of planets ( Backman, D., 1997 ).

It was proposed that this radiation came from a field of orbiting particles with a dimension on the order of a millimeter, as anything smaller would eventually be removed from the system by radiation pressure or drawn into the star by means of Poynting-Robertson drag.

These destructive forces also have a seriously adverse effect upon the watersheds and their life-supporting waterflows, and upon the other renewable forest resources.

In order to focus clearly upon the operation of this one force, which we may call the effect of `` public-limit pricing '' on `` key '' wage bargains, we deliberately simplify the model by abstracting from other forces, such as union power, which may be relevant in an actual situation.

The unsatisfactory 1958-60 expansion, he said, was not due to inadequate growth forces inherent in our economy but rather to the adverse effect of inappropriate economic policies combined with retrenching decisions resulting from the steel strike.

Another frequently made assumption is that effect of body forces on the fluid medium is negligible.

A pioneer of aeronautical engineering, he is credited as the first person to separate the forces of lift and drag which are in effect on any flight vehicle,

As the political situation threatened and eventually overwhelmed Austria, which was repeatedly crushed by French political forces, Salieri's first and most important biographer Mosel described the emotional effect that this political, social, and cultural upheaval had on the composer.

The Soviets, who at the time were well behind the West in jet technology, reverse-engineered the Nene, and installed their own version in the MiG-15 interceptor, used to good effect against US-UK forces in the subsequent Korean War, as well as in several later MiG models.

The " Circe effect ", coined by the enzymologist William P. Jencks, refers to a scenario where an enzyme lures its substrate towards it through electrostatic forces exhibited by the enzyme molecule before transforming it into product.

The inability of Li to coordinate KMT military forces led him to put into effect a plan of defense that he had contemplated in 1948.

In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir – Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field.

Katyusha batteries were often massed in very large numbers to create a shock effect on enemy forces.

The Soviet Union would not invade Poland until the Nomonhan incident was officially concluded by the Molotov-Togo agreement, which it was on 15 September 1939, taking effect on 16 September, at which time Stalin ordered Soviet forces to invade Poland on 17 September 1939.

It requires a large amount of energy to overcome the repulsion between the nuclei for the strong or nuclear forces to produce this effect, therefore nuclear fusion can only take place at very high temperatures or high pressures.

The immediate effect seems to have been that joint Welsh and Franco-Breton forces attacked and laid siege to Kidwelly Castle.

The ceasefire line came into effect on January 1, 1949, after eighteen months of fighting between Indian forces and Afridi tribals which Pakistan had sent to occupy Kashmir and was last adjusted and agreed upon by the two countries according to the Simla Agreement of July 2, 1972 between Indira Gandhi and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Great skill and caution were necessary to effect a settlement of the questions before it, inasmuch as the three principal nations taking part in it, though at issue with regard to their own special demands, were prepared to unite their forces against the demands of Rome.

A change in angle, albeit small, will have a detrimental effect ( especially with stereo recordings ) by creating different forces on the two groove walls, as well as a slight timing shift between left / right channels.

Commenting upon the effect of a number of Allied victories against Axis forces, and moreover the United States ’ decision to enter the war, Churchill opined that ; “ Hope has returned to the hearts of scores of millions of men and women, and with that hope there burns the flame of anger against the brutal, corrupt invader.

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is a measure of the ratio of inertial forces ( v < sub > s </ sub > ρ ) to viscous forces ( μ / L ) and consequently it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of effect for given flow conditions.

However, the effect of the purges would soon manifest itself in the Winter War of 1940, where Red Army forces generally performed poorly against the much smaller Finnish Army.

The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, when American forces used 12-gauge pump action shotguns in close-quarters trench fighting to great effect.

Tidal acceleration is an effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite ( e. g. the Moon ), and the primary planet that it orbits ( e. g. the Earth ).

The produced linear forms may be of several types: a straight line, which results from a unique force applied in a single direction ; an angular line, resulting from the alternation of two forces in different directions, or a curved ( or wave-like ) line, produced by the effect of two forces acting simultaneously.

In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions that increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere.

Both analyses failed to take into account the absorption of light by interstellar dust present in the galactic plane, but after Robert Julius Trumpler quantified this effect in 1930 by studying open clusters, the present picture of our galaxy, the Milky Way, emerged.

Hall effect devices when appropriately packaged are immune to dust, dirt, mud, and water.

In 1975, the United States National Research Council ( NRC ) reported on ozone depletion following nuclear war, judging that the effect of dust would probably be slight climatic cooling.

Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect.

In effect, this principle asserts that the gravitational effects of the various galaxies making up the universe are equivalent to those of a fine dust distributed uniformly throughout the universe with the same average density.

A useful side effect of using the resin was that the combustion also gave a visual reference upon the shell bursting, as the resin shattered into a cloud of dust.

Once this occurs, the effect is dramatic, and the dust devil dissipates in seconds.

Windy conditions will destabilize the spinning effect ( like a Tornado ) of a dust devil.

Other effects that may impact the economy are: reduced visibility affecting aircraft and road transportation ; reduced sunlight reaching the surface ; increased cloud formation increasing the heat blanket effect ; high level dust sometimes obscures the sun over Florida ; effects on human health of breathing dust.

Also, fog is a dense enough cloud to significantly reduce visibility, while diamond dust is usually very thin and may not have any effect on visibility ( there are far fewer crystals in a volume of air than there are droplets in the same volume with fog ).

Dust and possibly water ice from this belt migrates inward because of drag from the stellar wind and a process by which stellar radiation causes dust grains to slowly spiral toward the star, known as the Poynting – Robertson effect.

Moments of vision may come from simple natural effects, as Pater notes elsewhere in the book: " A sudden light transfigures a trivial thing, a weathervane, a windmill, a winnowing flail, the dust in the barn door ; a moment – and the thing has vanished, because it was pure effect ; but it leaves a relish behind it, a longing that the accident may happen again.

Even if we able to minimize the effect of instrumental and atmospherical components ( e. g. using a spacecraft ), there are still several astrophysical components contributing to the sky background: these could be sets of point sources like faint asteroids, Galactic stars and far away galaxies, as well as diffuse sources like dust in the Solar System, in the Milky Way, and in the intergalactic space.

The effect can be caused by smoke or dust particles in the atmosphere, as has happened after forest fires in Sweden and Canada in 1950 and 1951

* Breath weapon: Dismissal effect, scouring dust

Washington in New Hampshire, Schaefer, Langmuir's research associate, created a way of experimenting with supercooled clouds using a deep freeze unit of potential agents to stimulate ice crystal growth, i. e., salt, talcum powder, soils, dust and various chemical agents with minor effect.

The 2001 Surveyor lander was also intended to carry to Mars a test payload, MIP ( Mars ISPP Precursor ), that was to demonstrate manufacture of oxygen from the atmosphere of Mars, as well as test solar cell technologies and methods of mitigating the effect of Martian dust on the power systems.

The gas, consisting mostly of light elements such as hydrogen and helium, is mainly affected by the effect, causing the ratio between gas and dust to increase.

The Poynting – Robertson effect, also known as Poynting – Robertson drag, named after John Henry Poynting and Howard Percy Robertson, is a process by which solar radiation causes a dust grain in the Solar System to slowly spiral into the Sun.

This effect differs from water based atmospheric diffraction because the dust material is opaque whereas water allows light to pass through it.

This has the effect of tinting the light the color of the dust particles.