In 391, Theodosius I decreed that any land that had been confiscated from the church by Roman authorities be returned.

Some historians have argued that mid-4th century Roman authorities, in an attempt to enforce the Nicene decision on Easter, attempted to interfere with the Jewish calendar.

It is debated whether the anticipated persecution was from secular ( i. e., Roman ) authorities or Jewish authorities.

Meanwhile, a new threat arose from abroad: Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, Frederick William II of Prussia, and the King's brother Charles-Philippe, comte d ' Artois, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which considered the cause of Louis XVI as their own, demanded his absolute liberty and implied an invasion of France on his behalf if the revolutionary authorities refused its conditions.

They believe that these persecutions involved court trials before Roman authorities, and even executions.

His father died when he was but two years of age ; and when, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the authorities took steps to have him educated in the Roman Catholic faith, his mother contrived his escape.

Numerous governments and other authorities have used the image of the fasces for a symbol of power since the end of the Roman Empire.

Luke portrays his subject as regarded in a positive light by Roman authorities.

With the higher levels of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and small warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still aspiring to Roman ideals and conventions.

Larger-scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire, beginning with the year 64, when, as reported by the Roman historian Tacitus, the Emperor Nero blamed them for that year's great Fire of Rome.

This knowledge of Greek enabled him to become the Jews ' intermediary with the Roman authorities.

The Testimonium Flavianum ( meaning the testimony of Flavius < nowiki ></ nowiki >) is the name given to the passage found in Book 18, Chapter 3, 3 of the Antiquities in which Josephus describes the condemnation and crucifixion of Jesus at the hands of the Roman authorities.

Marcin Dunin, archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland, was imprisoned by Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839-1840 ; after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in the city.

As a way to keep their European masters from interfering, and to appease the authorities who prevented them from practising their own religions, the African slaves in Haiti syncretised the Loa with the Roman Catholic saints-so Vodoun altars will frequently have images of Catholic figures displayed.

Marsilio Ficino argued that Plato's references to reincarnation were intended allegorically, Shakespeare made fun but Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake by authorities after being found guilty of heresy by the Roman Inquisition for his teachings.

During the New Testament period, although the tensions went unrecognized by Roman authorities, Josephus reports numerous violent confrontations between Jews and Samaritans throughout the first half of the first century.

Severus allowed the enforcement of policies already long-established, which meant that Roman authorities did not intentionally seek out Christians, but when people were accused of being Christians they would be forced to either curse Jesus and make an offering to Roman gods, or be executed.

He finally reveals his location to the authorities when, encountering one of the " Roman circus " operations which broadcast live fights and other bloody exhibitions to the country, he responds to an " all comers " challenge by the father of the leader of one of the gangs, and cripples him in front of a nationwide audience.

Imprisoned for over two years and under pressure from Church authorities, he made several recantations and apparently reconciled himself with the Roman Catholic Church.

Indeed, the etymology of the word traitor originates with Judas ' handing over of Jesus to the Roman authorities: the word is derived from the Latin traditor which means " one who delivers.

According to the New Testament, Jesus ' crucifixion was authorized by Roman authorities at the insistence of leading Jews ( Judeans ) from the Sanhedrin.

Some critics suggest that the text displays a shift in blame away from the Roman provincial government, which actually carried out the execution, towards the Jewish authorities, with the intention of rendering Christianity more palatable in Roman circles.

More than 1,000 were said to have been arrested -- 100 of them Roman Catholic priests.

The nineteenth-century immigration, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic, was not so much concerned, for very few if any among them held slaves: they were mostly in the Northern states where slavery had disappeared or was on the way out, or were too poverty-stricken to own slaves.

The famous Latin Responsa Prudentium (" answers of the learned ones ") were the accumulated views of many successive generations of Roman lawyers, a body of legal opinion which gradually became authoritative.

Between 1950 and 1960, van Vogt produced collections, notable fixups such as: The Mixed Men ( 1952 ) and The War Against the Rull ( 1959 ), and the two " Clane " novels, Empire of the Atom ( 1957 ) and The Wizard of Linn ( 1962 ), which were inspired ( like Asimov's Foundation series ) by the fall of the Roman Empire, specifically Claudius.

Protracted conflict through the seventeenth century with more radical Protestants on the one hand and Roman Catholics who still recognised the primacy of the Pope on the other, resulted in an association of churches that were both deliberately vague about doctrinal principles, yet bold in developing parameters of acceptable deviation.

Thus the only member churches of the present Anglican Communion existing by the mid-18th century were the Church of England, its closely linked sister church, the Church of Ireland ( which also separated from Roman Catholicism under Henry VIII ) and the Scottish Episcopal Church which for parts of the 17th and 18th centuries was partially underground ( it was suspected of Jacobite sympathies ).

The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets, as they stood by the Roman era, were little changed in style from the Imperial Aramaic alphabet.

April was the second month of the Roman calendar, before January and February were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC.

Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, the Festum Veneris et Fortunae Virilis being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite ( Aphros ), or from the Etruscan name Apru.

Someone also suggested that these large roads were used to quickly move an army from the canyon to the outlier communities, a purpose similar to the road systems known for the Roman empire.

The abbots of Cluny and Vendôme were, by virtue of their office, cardinals of the Roman church.

The earliest articles of faith were said to have been composed in the first century by the apostles themselves and sung publicly while on mission ( see Old Roman Symbol ).

Even more influential were such Roman thinkers as Cato, Cicero, Horace, and Virgil.

Principles of acoustics were applied since ancient times: Roman theatre ( structure ) | Roman theatre in the city of Amman.

The Roman Emperors Constantius II ( 337 – 361 ) and Valens ( 364 – 378 ) were Arians or Semi-Arians.

In contrast, in the Arian German kingdoms established on the wreckage of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, there were entirely separate Arian and Nicene Churches with parallel hierarchies, each serving different sets of believers.

The Germanics were in Germany and Scandinavia during earliest mention of them in Roman literature, long before the Romans had even conquered Italy.

The archaeology, however, shows that they were largely Romanized, lived in Roman-style houses and used Roman artifacts, the Alemannic women having adopted the Roman fashion of the tunic even earlier than the men.

They lived in 100 cantons ( 4. 1 ) from which 1000 young men per year were chosen for military service, a citizen-army by our standards and by comparison with the Roman professional army.

The Alemanni were continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire in the third and fourth centuries.

When the Gothic campaign ended in Roman victory at the Battle of Naissus in September, Gallienus ' successor Claudius II Gothicus turned north to deal with the Alemanni, who were swarming over all Italy north of the Po River.

The Alemanni were routed, forced back into Germany, and did not threaten Roman territory for many years afterwards.