* 1203 – Isaac II Angelos, restored Eastern Roman Emperor, declares his son Alexios IV Angelos co-emperor after pressure from the forces of the Fourth Crusade.

* 1645 – Thirty Years ' War: the Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.

Disappointed, he left the army and was elected reiks of the Visigoths in 395, and marched toward Constantinople until he was diverted by Roman forces.

* 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.

* 1675 – Franco-Dutch War: forces of the Holy Roman Empire defeat the French in the Battle of Konzer Brücke.

* Count Aelianus, leader of the Roman defensive forces at the Siege of Amida in 359.

In 1488 he was appointed Governor of the Netherlands ( until 1493 ) and marched with the imperial forces to free the Roman king Maximilian from his imprisonment at Bruges, and when, in 1489, the King returned to Germany, Albert was left as his representative to prosecute the war against the rebels.

After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD.

The presence of Roman forces in the Danube delta was seen as a major threat by all the neighbouring transdanubian peoples: the Peucini Bastarnae, the Sarmatians and, most importantly, by Burebista ( ruled 82-44 BC ), king of the Getae.

Driven off by Roman forces, the coalition host moved overland into Thracia, where finally it was crushed by emperor Claudius II ( r. 268-70 ) at Naissus ( 269 ).

Boudica (; alternative spelling: Boudicca ), also known as Boadicea and known in Welsh as Buddug ( d. AD 60 or 61 ) was queen of the British Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire.

The crisis caused the Emperor Nero to consider withdrawing all Roman forces from Britain, but Suetonius ' eventual victory over Boudica re-secured Roman control of the province.

However, D. S. Potter suggests that, before the defeat at Abritus, the situation was not so serious that the available Roman forces would not be able to manage the invasions.

Only a storm, which separated the combatants, saved the Roman forces from complete annihilation.

The decline of the Roman infrastructure made it more difficult to field large infantry forces, and during the 4th and 5th centuries cavalry began to take a more dominant role on the European battlefield, also in part made possible by the appearance of new, larger breeds of horses.

His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years ' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma.

* 218 BC – Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia – Hannibal's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Roman Republic.

During the second encounter, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.

Constantine's rule, however, validated Diocletian's achievements and the autocratic principle he represented: the borders remained secure, in spite of Constantine's large expenditure of forces during his civil wars ; the bureaucratic transformation of Roman government was completed ; and Constantine took Diocletian's court ceremonies and made them even more extravagant.

* 1997 – Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas are massacred by paramilitary forces.

Just as Belgrade was falling to Imperial forces under Max Emmanuel in the east, French troops in the west were crossing the Rhine into the Holy Roman Empire.

While the new capital was easier to defend, it was poorly situated to allow Roman forces to protect central Italy from the increasingly regular threat of barbarian incursions.

Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly barbarian Roman Army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could.

Alfred's military reorganisation of Wessex consisted of three elements: the building of thirty fortified and garrisoned towns ( burhs ) along the rivers and Roman roads of Wessex ; the creation of a mobile ( horsed ) field force, consisting of his nobles and their warrior retainers, which was divided into two contingents, one of which was always in the field ; and the enhancement of Wessex's seapower through the addition of larger ships to the existing royal fleet.

* Roman Gaul, after Julius Caesar's conquest of 58 – 51 BC that consisted of five provinces

It mainly consisted of allegations of sectarian spending discrepancies between Protestant Airdrie and Catholic Coatbridge, fuelled by the fact that all 17 of the ruling Labour group were Roman Catholics.

First, its mix consistency is fluid and homogeneous, allowing it to be poured into forms rather than requiring hand-layering together with the placement of aggregate, which, in Roman practice, often consisted of rubble.

The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods that were tied around an axe, was an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate.

The traditional Roman fasces consisted of a bundle of birch rods, tied together with a red leather ribbon into a cylinder, and often including a bronze axe ( or sometimes two ) amongst the rods, with the blade ( s ) on the side, projecting from the bundle.

Traditionally, the original Roman calendar consisted of 10 months, totalling 304 days, winter being considered a monthless period.

The Roman province of Macedonia consisted of what is today Northern and Central Greece, much of the geographical area of the present-day Republic of Macedonia and southeast Albania.

Some of the earliest origins of minestrone soup pre-date the expansion of the Latin tribes of Rome into what became the Roman Republic and later Roman Empire, when the local diet was " vegetarian by necessity " and consisted mostly of vegetables, such as onions, lentils, cabbage, garlic, fava beans, mushrooms, carrots, asparagus, and turnips.

A university professor with strong family roots in the Communist Party, Petre Roman, was named prime minister of the new government, which consisted mainly of former communist officials.

The Roman army ( for most of the Imperial period ) consisted mostly of " auxiliary " cohorts who provided additional infantry, and the vast majority of the Roman army's cavalry.

The original government structure was composed of a self-governed assembly known as the Arengo, which consisted of the heads of each family ( as in the original Roman Senate, the Patres ).

While there are no historical records that deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia ( modern Portogruaro ) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.

The western Sahara population ( in those first centuries of the Roman Empire ) consisted of nomads ( mainly of the Sanhaja tribal confederation ) in the plains and sedentary populations in river valleys, in oases and in towns like Awdaghust Tichitt, Oualata, Taghaza, Timbuktu, Awlil, Azuki and Tamdult.

Pietas, possibly the key quality of any ' honorable ' Roman, consisted of a series of duties: duty towards the gods ( hence the English word piety ), duty towards one's homeland, duty towards one's followers and duty to one's family — especially one's father.

The hypothesis that the Ancient Roman custom of crucifixion may have developed out of a primitive custom of arbori suspendere — hanging on an arbor infelix ( unfortunate tree ) dedicated to the gods of the nether world — is rejected by William A. Oldfather, who shows that this form of execution ( the supplicium more maiorum, punishment in accordance with the custom of our ancestors ) consisted of suspending someone from a tree, not dedicated to any particular gods, and flogging him to death.

Large sections of East Anglia ( including parts of Lincolnshire ) consisted of marshland and bogs until the 17th century, despite the construction of early sea barriers by the Roman Empire.

The native settlements consisted of pagi ( cantons ) containing a number of vici ( villages ), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin.

As emperor, Nepos tried to consolidate the Empire's remaining Western holdings, which consisted of Italy, Illyria and the remaining parts of Roman Gaul.

Thus, the Low Countries consisted of fiefs whose sovereignty resided with either the Kingdom of France or the Holy Roman Empire.

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.

The pre-Marian Roman Legion was a combined arms force and consisted of five classes of troops.