Shirkuh became vizier, although he himself died in March, and was succeeded by his nephew Saladin.

The siege was long and famine broke out in the Christian camp ; the Byzantines and crusades blamed each other for the failure, and a truce was signed with Saladin.

Saladin, who was set up as Vizier of Egypt, was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph.

Over the next few years the kingdom was threatened not only by Saladin and Nur ad-Din, but also by the Hashshashin ; in one episode, the Knights Templar murdered some Hashshashin envoys, leading to further disputes between Amalric and the Templars.

The Latin clergy were expelled after the city was captured by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria.

In 1169 Saladin was appointed as the new vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years later he would seize power from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, al -' Āḍid.

In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria.

The church was lost to Saladin, along with the rest of the city, in 1187, although the treaty established after the Third Crusade allowed for Christian pilgrims to visit the site.

The first kingdom lasted from 1099 to 1187, when it was almost entirely overrun by Saladin.

Jerusalem itself was lost to Saladin in 1187, and in the 13th century the kingdom was reduced to a few cities along the Mediterranean coast.

Shawar was promptly assassinated, and when Shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew Yusuf, better known as Saladin.

In the end, Nur ad-Din was victorious and Saladin established himself as Sultan of Egypt.

Saladin soon began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Nur ad-Din's Syrian possessions as well.

The kingdom had a truce with Saladin at the time, and Raynald's actions have been seen as an independent act of brigandage ; it is possible that he was trying to prevent Saladin from moving his forces north to take control of Aleppo, which would have strengthened Saladin's position.

In response, Saladin attacked the kingdom in 1182, but was defeated at Belvoir Castle.

More troops were certainly needed, since Saladin was finally able to gain control of Aleppo, and with peace in his northern territories he could focus on Jerusalem in the south.

The inexperienced Guy led the Frankish army against Saladin's incursions into the kingdom, but neither side made any real gains, and Guy was criticized by his opponents for not striking against Saladin when he had the chance.

The siege was lifted in December and Saladin retreated to Damascus.

Saladin, meanwhile, had pacified his Mesopotamian territories, and was now eager to attack the crusader kingdom ; he did not intend to renew the truce when it expired in 1187.

Before the truce expired, Raynald of Chatillon, the lord of Oultrejourdain and of Kerak and one of Guy's chief supporters, recognized that Saladin was massing his troops, and attacked Muslim caravans in an attempt to disrupt this.

The image of Saladin they used was the romantic one created by Walter Scott and other Europeans in the West at the time.

According to Bahā ' al-Dīn, Saladin used his own money to buy the child back:

When the Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099, they used the mosque as a palace and church, but its function as a mosque was restored after its recapture by Saladin in 1187.

At various times, the mosque was used as a prison for captured " Franks " during the Crusades, as a stable by Saladin, as a fortress by Napoleon, and as a local school.

The village ( called " Shafar Am ) was used, between 586-590 H., by Saladin as a military base for attacs on Acre.

The Principality was destroyed by Saladin in 1187, although the title was used by relatives and younger sons of the kings of Cyprus ( the titular kings of Jerusalem ) afterwards.

In the crisis of 1187, Gerard used the money sent by Henry II of England and deposited with the Templars in Jerusalem to hire additional troops for the arrière ban to defend the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Saladin.

He used his position to attack pilgrims and caravans, and threatened to attack Mecca, which resulted in an invasion of the kingdom by Saladin in 1187.

Several historic figures not used in previous Civilization games, but included in Civ IV are: Asoka, Franklin D. Roosevelt, George Washington, Hatshepsut, Mansa Musa, Kublai Khan, Peter the Great, Qin Shi Huang, Cyrus the Great, Saladin ( though Saladin was a hidden leader in Civilization II ), and Queen Victoria.

This church was destroyed by Saladin in 1187, but the crypt was still respected ; all that was left was the south entrance and staircase, the masonry of the upper church being used to build the walls of Jerusalem.

In Arab nationalism, the so-called " Eagle of Saladin " was used in the 1953 design for the coat of arms of Egypt following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and in those of successor states including the current Arab Republic of Egypt.

The Principality was destroyed by Saladin in 1187, although the title was used as dignity by relatives and younger sons of the kings of Cyprus ( the titular kings of Jerusalem ) afterwards.

* 1192 – Richard the Lion-Heart is captured and imprisoned by Leopold V of Austria on his way home to England after signing a treaty with Saladin ending the Third crusade.

A 12th-century treatise prepared by Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi for Saladin records an Arab version of Greek fire, called naft, which also had a petroleum base, with sulphur and various resins added.

In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.

The fragmentation of the Muslim east allowed for the initial success of the crusade, but as the 12th century progressed, the kingdom's Muslim neighbours were united by Nur ad-Din Zangi and Saladin, who vigorously began to recapture lost territory.

The subsequent events have often been interpreted as a struggle between two opposing factions, the " court party ", made up of Baldwin's mother, Amalric's first wife Agnes of Courtenay, her immediate family, and recent arrivals from Europe who were inexperienced in the affairs of the kingdom and who were in favour of war with Saladin ; and the " noble party ", led by Raymond of Tripoli and the lesser nobility of the kingdom, who favoured peaceful co-existence with the Muslims.

In October 1183 Isabella married Humphrey of Toron at Kerak, during a siege by Saladin, who perhaps hoped to take some valuable prisoners.

Raymond of Tripoli, Balian of Ibelin, and Reginald of Sidon escaped, but Raynald was executed by Saladin and Guy was imprisoned in Damascus.

Grand Master Gérard de Ridefort was beheaded by Saladin in 1189 at the Siege of Acre.

He spent most of his father's treasury ( filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe ), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for marks.

The emperor demanded that marks ( 65, 000 pounds of silver ) be delivered to him before he would release the king, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier, and 2 – 3 times the annual income for the English Crown under Richard.

Muslim sources at the time, however, put Saladin in the " baggage of the center " with orders to lure the enemy into a trap by staging a false retreat.

The battle ended in a Zengid victory, and Saladin is credited to have helped Shirkuh in one of the " most remarkable victories in recorded history ", according to Ibn al-Athir, although more of Shirkuh's men were killed and the battle is considered by most sources as not a total victory.

In 1169, Shawar was reportedly assassinated by Saladin, and Shirkuh died later that year.

Ibn al-Athir claims that the caliph chose him after being told by his advisers that " there is no one weaker or younger " than Saladin, and " not one of the emirs obeyed him or served him.

" Although positions were complicated by rival Muslim leaders, the bulk of the Syrian rulers supported Saladin due to his role in the Egyptian expedition, in which he gained a record of military qualifications.

According to Imad ad-Din, Nur ad-Din wrote to Saladin in June 1171, telling him to reestablish the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt, which Saladin coordinated two months later after additional encouragement by Najm ad-Din al-Khabushani, the Shafi ' i faqih, who vehemently opposed Shia rule in the country.