* The Germanic cattle farmer longhouses emerged along the southwestern North Sea coast in the third or fourth century BC and might be the ancestors of several medieval house types such as the Scandinavian langhus, the English, Welsh and Scottish longhouse variants and the German and Dutch Fachhallenhaus.

In addition to other member churches, the churches of the Anglican Communion are in full communion with the Old Catholic churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Scandinavian Lutheran churches of the Porvoo Communion in Europe, the India-based Mar Thoma and Malabar Independent Syrian churches and the Philippine Independent Church, also known as the Aglipayan Church.

This view is based partly on Old English and Danish traditions regarding persons and events of the 4th century, and partly on the fact that striking affinities to the cult of Nerthus as described by Tacitus are to be found in pre-Christian Scandinavian, especially Swedish and Danish, religion.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

There are five main categories in which potential sources and / or analogues are included: Scandinavian parallels, classical sources, Irish sources and analogues, ecclesiastical sources, and echoes in other Old English texts.

Wolves of the central and northern chains of the Rocky Mountains and coastal ranges are more formidable animals than the more southern plains wolves, and resemble Russian and Scandinavian wolves in size and proportions.

A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian and Swedish into a Mainland Scandinavian group while Icelandic and Faroese are placed in a separate category labelled Insular Scandinavian.

In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk ( presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich ), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.

Elves are first attested in Old English and Old Norse texts and are prominent in traditional British and Scandinavian folklore.

While the Scandinavian tradition preserves some evidence of the álfar as skillful supernatural beings with positive connotations, much like the æsir or " gods ", the elves of Anglo-Saxon and continental tradition are almost exclusively presented as mischievous or malevolent beings responsible for misfortune or illness.

The elves are typically pictured as fair-haired, white-clad, and ( like most creatures in the Scandinavian folklore ) nasty when offended.

Recent DNA analysis have revealed that Y chromosomes, tracing male descent, are 87 % Scandinavian.

The highest points in upland Finland reach an elevation of about, and they are found in the Kilpisjärvi area of the Scandinavian Keel Ridge.

In worldwide comparison, Testi ( 2010 ) notes that the United States is not unique in adoring its banner, for in Scandinavian countries their flags are also " beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects ".

For example, German and Scandinavian " Hund " and Dutch " Hond " are the cognates of English " hound ", but whereas hund and hond refer to dogs in general, in English the sense has been narrowed to dogs used for hunting.

The first Scandinavian documents mentioning a " land of the Finns " are two runestones: ( Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont ( U 582 †), Gotland with the inscription finlandi ( G 319 M ) dating from the 11th century.

Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin.

club winning the Scandinavian Championships in their inaugural year, 2009, and are again in the running for 2011.

There is, however, a Scandinavian breed of the common elk in which the antlers are simpler and recall those of the East Siberian animals.

Mikael, Mikell, Mikkel are Scandinavian.

* Iceland: Although the inhabitants are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland.

Historians identify several waves of migration to the United States: one from 1815 – 1860, in which some five million English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe came to the United States ; one from 1865 – 1890, in which some 10 million immigrants, also mainly from northwestern Europe, settled, and a third from 1890 – 1914, in which 15 million immigrants, mainly from central, eastern, and southern Europe ( many Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, and Romanian ) settled in the United States.

Scholars generally agree that many of the personalities of Beowulf also appear in Scandinavian sources ( specific works designated in the following section ).

* Centre Counter Defence, also known as the Scandinavian Defense, a chess opening

Cooperation with the other Scandinavian countries also is important to Finland, and it has been a member of the Nordic Council since 1955.

The word friend itself has cognates in the other Germanic languages ; but the Scandinavian ones ( like Swedish frände, Danish frænde ) predominatly mean " relative " ( but may also mean soulmate ).

Examples of goddesses attested in Norse mythology include Frigg ( wife of Odin, and the Anglo-Saxon version of whom is namesake of the modern English weekday Friday ), Skaði ( one time wife of Njörðr ), Njerda ( Scandinavian name of Nerthus ), that also was married to Njörðr during Bronze Age, Freyja ( wife of Óðr ), Sif ( wife of Thor ), Gerðr ( wife of Freyr ), and personifications such as Jörð ( earth ), Sól ( the sun ), and Nótt ( night ).

Many stores also have a Swedish Food Market that until the fall of 2011 sold Swedish-made, Swedish-style groceries, such as Swedish meatballs, packages of gravy and various Scandinavian biscuits and crackers, as well as salmon and salmon roe.

He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.

Germany accounts for the largest-single grouping of banks, with Scandinavian, Japanese, and major U. S. banks also heavily represented.

Njörðr is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, in euhemerized form as a beloved mythological early king of Sweden in Heimskringla, also written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century, as one of three gods invoked in the 14th century Hauksbók ring oath, and in numerous Scandinavian place names.

The two main conjugations of verbs in present and past tense were also present and like all other North Germanic languages, it used a suffix instead of a prepositioned article to indicate definiteness as in modern Scandinavian: man ( n ) (" man "); mannen (" the man ").

Saint Olga (, also called Olga Prekrasna ( Ольга Прекрасна ), or Olga the Beauty, hypothetically Old Norse: Helga ; in some Scandinavian sources she was called by other names.

A similar technique was also employed by Scandinavian Medieval swordsmiths.

For example, the word ' halberd ' is also used to translate the Chinese ji and also a range of medieval Scandinavian weapons as described in sagas, such as the atgeir.

* Scandinavian parliamentary bodies are also called Reichstag when referred to in the German Language.

Sometimes the term Scandinavia is also taken to include Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Finland, on account of their historical association with the Scandinavian countries.

The derived term " Scandinavian " also refers to the North Germanic peoples who speak Scandinavian languages, considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse.

Much of the population of the Scandinavian Peninsula is naturally concentrated in its southern part, which is also its agricultural region.

Ohlin was also a leading figure within the school of doctrine with the same name, the so-called Stockholm school ; a group of leading Scandinavian economists influenced by Knut Wicksell, most of them active in Stockholm, either at the Stockholm School of Economics or the Stockholm University College.

Scandinavian Airlines has daily scheduled services to Tromsø and Oslo ; there are also irregular charter services to Russia.

Dishes akin to Swedish husmanskost and food traditions are found also in other Scandinavian countries ; details may vary.