Potosí in present-day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World.

The Spanish Empire claimed the islands by discovery in the early 16th century, but never settled them, and subsequent years saw the English, Dutch, French, Spanish, and Danish all jostling for control of the region, which became a notorious haunt for pirates.

European ancestors also include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire, followed by Portuguese settlers, exiles, and Portuguese Jews who were victims of the Inquisition.

What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master, finally ended as a full-fledged civil war between pro-Independence Criollos who sought political and economic independence from Spain and royalist Criollos, who supported the continued allegiance to and permanence within the Spanish Empire of the Kingdom of Chile.

During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which was nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( i. e., Mexico ), but which in practice operated as a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire.

Costa Rica's distance from the capital in Guatemala, its legal prohibition under Spanish law to trade with its southern neighbors in Panama, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ( i. e., Colombia ), and the lack of resources such as gold and silver, made Costa Rica into a poor, isolated, and sparsely inhabited region within the Spanish Empire.

Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.

Maritime navigation developed locally after Spain lifted its restrictions on ports within the Spanish Empire inducing mercantilism.

After the dissolution of Spanish authority, the former Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short-lived First Mexican Empire.

Belize was contested between the Spanish Empire and the British Empire, a dispute that continued after the independence of Guatemala, who considered Belize to be a Guatemalan department.

Prior to the end of the slave trade and widespread abolition, when indigenous labour was unavailable, slaves were often imported to the Americas, first by the Spanish Empire, and later by the Dutch, French and British.

These new lands were divided between the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire, first by the papal bull Inter caetera and then by the Treaty of Tordesillas and the Treaty of Zaragoza ( 1529 ).

The major European empires consisted of the following colonies at the start of World War I ( former colonies of the Spanish Empire became independent before 1914 and are not listed ; former colonies of other European empires that previously became independent, such as the former French colony Haiti, are not listed ):

During the Spanish Empire, approximately 550, 000 Spanish settlers migrated to Latin America.

Cuzco, New Castile, Spanish Empire

1648 ; subsequently multinational in all nations in or formerly in the Spanish Empire.

To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead ( for cannon-casting ) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.

Conquered Guatemala was part of the Spanish Empire for approximately 300 years, when it became independent in 1821, when it was part of the Mexican Empire ( 1821 – 23 ) until becoming fully independent in the 1840s.

Although some found initial refuge in Italy ( especially Venice ), most resettled in the Ottoman Empire, where Spanish speaking Jews established in Istanbul a rich sub-culture with a flourishing Hebrew and Ladino printing industry.

When Napoleon's ship had borne him to Elba, French wines had started to cross the Channel, the first shipments in a dozen war-ridden years, but the supplies had not yet reached rural hostelries where the sweet wines of the Spanish peninsula still ruled.

The Spanish in Florida originally introduced sheep to the New World, but this development never quite reached the North, and there they were introduced by the Dutch and English.

Never admitting that he had reached a continent previously unknown to Europeans, rather than the East Indies he had set out for, Columbus called the inhabitants of the lands he visited indios ( Spanish for " Indians ").

In 1492, a Spanish expedition headed by Christopher Columbus reached the Americas, after which European exploration and colonization rapidly expanded.

At various times in his life, he has studied ( in descending order of level of fluency reached ) German, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Mandarin, Dutch, Polish, and Hindi.

The Spanish commander, Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra, was very cordial and he and Vancouver exchanged the maps they had made, but no agreement was reached ; they decided to await further instructions.

In 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right ( CEDA ) won power, An armed rising of workers in October 1934, which reached its greatest intensity in Asturias and Catalonia, was forcefully put down by the CEDA government.

The Chouteau family operated under the Spanish license at St. Louis in the lower Missouri Valley as early as 1765, but it would be 1821 before the Chouteaus reached Kansas City, when François Chouteau established Chouteau's Landing.

By 1800 the Spanish population had reached 25, 000, but Apache and Comanche raids on Hispanic settlers were common until well into the period of U. S. occupation.

The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning " peaceful sea ".

After García's murder by his Indian allies news of the raid reached the Spanish explorers on the coast and attracted Sebastian Cabot to the Río Paraguay two years later.

With the Spanish plan having failed, by 1640 the debt had reached 35 million scudi, consuming more than 80 percent of annual papal income in interest repayments.

The first recorded European discovery of San Francisco Bay was on November 4, 1769 when Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portolà, unable to find the port of Monterey, California, continued north close to what is now Pacifica and reached the summit of the high Sweeney Ridge, where he sighted San Francisco Bay.

Among these, according to the Financial Times, was Spain's rapidly growing trade deficit, which had reached a staggering 10 % of the country's GDP by the summer of 2008, the " loss of competitiveness against its main trading partners " and, also, as a part of the latter, an inflation rate which had been traditionally higher than the one of its European partners, back then especially affected by house price increases of 150 % from 1998 and a growing family indebtedness ( 115 %) chiefly related to the Spanish Real Estate boom and rocketing oil prices.

For example, in Spanish the fronting of Vulgar Latin before e ɛ seems to have reached every possible word it could, but the change involving voicing of word-initial Latin to as in colaphus > golpe and cattus > gato did not, e. g. canna > caña.

While an " underground railroad " running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed from the late 17th century until shortly after the American Revolution, the network now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the early 19th century, and reached its height between 1850 and 1860.

The agreement, reached on 7 September 1701, recognized Philip V as King of Spain, but allotted Austria that which it desired most: the Spanish territories in Italy.

It most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar (" to turn "); however, this may be a folk etymology.

Word reached England on 2 September about the combined French and Spanish fleet in the harbour of Cadiz.

Fortunately, by the time this message reached Washington, Shafter changed his mind, and instead renewed siege operations after demanding the Spanish surrender the city and garrison of Santiago.

By 1521, the ships of Magellan and other Spanish explorers had reached that island archipelago, which they named Las Islas de Filipinas, after Philip II of Spain.

When news of this invasion reached Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, on 21 October 1496, he wrote to his ambassador in Spain, to request the Spanish monarchs make peace between England and Scotland.

In the autumn of 1918, the Spanish flu pandemic that claimed more than 20, 000, 000 lives in Europe reached Vienna.

By 1776 Spanish exploration had reached Bucareli Bay including the mouth of the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington, and Sitka Sound.