( It should be noted that in the account given of the same events, in rabbinic sources ( b. Talmud Shabbat 99a ; Exodus Rabbah 41 ) and in the Qur ' an, Aaron is not the idol-maker and upon Moses ' return begged his pardon as he had felt mortally threatened by the Israelites ( Quran 7: 142-152 ).

According to the Talmud, extinction of the soul is reserved for a far much smaller group of malicious and evil leaders, either whose very evil deeds go way beyond norms, or who lead large groups of people to utmost evil.

Although there is no reference to reincarnation in the Talmud or any prior writings, according to rabbis such as Rabbi Avraham Arieh Trugman, reincarnation is recognized as being part and parcel of Jewish tradition.

The out of print Random House publication of The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition is widely regarded as the most accurate and least redacted of any English language edition and is sought after on that basis by scholars and collectors.

It is not clear why the present order of the books in the Tanakh does not match the order given in the Talmud ( nor does it match that of the Christian Old Testament ).

It is dated to the 4th century BCE and according to the Talmud was a redaction by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordecai.

This is reflected in the variety of views and attitudes of the biblical legislators, priests, prophets, historians, psalmists and Wisdom teachers, the hundreds of controversies among the rabbis of the Talmud and in the codes and responsa of their successors.

The miracle of the one-day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is first described in the Talmud, written about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees.

The Talmud states that the fetus is not yet a full human being until it has been born ( either the head or the body is mostly outside of the woman ), therefore killing a fetus is not murder, and abortion-in restricted circumstances-has always been legal under Jewish law.

Rashi, the great 12th century commentator on the Bible and Talmud, states clearly of the fetus lav nefesh hu: " it is not a person.

" The Talmud contains the expression ubar yerech imo -- the fetus is as the thigh of its mother ,' i. e., the fetus is deemed to be part and parcel of the pregnant woman's body.

" The Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 69b states that: " the embryo is considered to be mere water until the fortieth day.

Two additional passages in the Talmud that shed some light on the Jewish belief that the fetus is considered part of the woman, and not a separate entity.

Nonetheless, the Talmud teaches that " If someone comes with the intention to murder you, then one is obligated to kill in self-defense than be killed ".

This is codified in the Mishna Avot 4: 29, the Babylonian Talmud in tractates Avodah Zarah 10b, and Ketubot 111b, and in Maimonides's 12th century law code, the Mishneh Torah, in Hilkhot Melachim ( Laws of Kings ) 8. 11.

The Talmud describes the blind as having " much light " ( Aramaic סגי נהור ) and this phrase — sagee nahor — is the Modern Hebrew for euphemism.

In the Talmud ( Tractate Yoma 29a ), Esther is compared to the " morning star ", and is considered the subject of Psalm 22, because its introduction is a " song for the morning star ".

According to the Talmud, however, the point of Qoheleth is to state that all is futile under the Sun.

He was filled with knowledge of the Bible and the Talmud.

He was reading from the Talmud with a group of men from his congregation.

The descendant of men learned in rabbinic lore, Abba Mari devoted himself to the study of theology and philosophy, and made himself acquainted with the writings of Moses Maimonides and Nachmanides as well as with the Talmud.

The legal and ritual opinions recorded in Rav's name and his disputes with Samuel constitute the main body of the Babylonian Talmud.

Originally published in modern Hebrew, with a running commentary to facilitate learning, his Steinzaltz edition of the Talmud has also been translated into English, French, Russian and Spanish.

On 9 February 2012, Steinsaltz was honored by Israeli President Shimon Peres with Israel's first President's Prize for his scholarship in Talmud.

Judaism places emphasis on the right conduct ( or orthopraxy ), focusing on the Mosaic Covenant that the God of Israel, made with the Israelites, as recorded in the Torah and Talmud.

Because Judaism focuses on this life, many questions to do with survival and conflict ( such as the classic moral dilemma of two people in a desert with only enough water for one to survive ) were analysed in great depth by the rabbis within the Talmud, in the attempt to understand the principles a godly person should draw upon in such a circumstance.

Ezekiel, like Jeremiah, is said by Talmud and Midrash to have been a descendant of Joshua by his marriage with the proselyte Rahab.

The Christian censorship of the Jewish Talmud in the aftermath of the Disputation of Barcelona and during the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition, let the term spread within the Jewish classical texts, since the church censors replaced terms like Minim (" sectarians ", coined on the Christians ) with the term Epikorsim or Epicursim, meaning heretics, since the church had heavily persecuted heretics at that time.

" In these examples pardes clearly means " orchard " or " park ", but in the apocalyptic literature and in the Talmud, " paradise " gains its associations with the Garden of Eden and its heavenly prototype, and in the New Testament " paradise " becomes the realm of the blessed ( as opposed to the realm of the cursed ) among those who have already died, with literary Hellenistic influences.

* The foundational Talmudic literature ( especially the Mishna and the Babylonian Talmud ) with commentaries ;

No rabbi has the right to change Jewish law unless they clearly understand how it coincides with the precepts of the Talmud and later codes of Jewish law.

The Hilchot soon superseded the geonic codes, as it contained all the decisions and laws then relevant, and additionally, served as an accessible Talmudic commentary ; it has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the Talmud.

This work superseded Rabbi Alfasi's and has been printed with almost every subsequent edition of the Talmud.

It has been printed with every edition of the Talmud since 1482.

This work traces the Halakha from the Torah text and the Talmud through the Rishonim, with the Hilchot of Alfasi as its starting point.

The Beit Yosef is a huge commentary on the Tur in which Rabbi Karo traces the development of each law from the Talmud through later rabbinical literature ( examining thirty-two authorities, beginning with the Talmud and ending with the works of Rabbi Israel Isserlein ).

Derivative references to Elijah appear in the Talmud, Mishnah, the New Testament, and the Qur ' an.

He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud.

Another very useful study aid, found in almost all editions of the Talmud, consists of the marginal notes Torah Or, Ein Mishpat Ner Mitzvah and Masoret ha-Shas by the Italian rabbi Joshua Boaz, which give references respectively to the cited Biblical passages, to the relevant halachic codes and to related Talmudic passages.

The references in the Talmud and the Midrash to Belshazzar emphasize his tyrannous oppression of his Jewish subjects.

After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the Sadducees appear only in a few references to the Talmud.

Additionally, the Talmud points out that subtle references to the Ten Commandments can be found in the three portions.

In the Jerusalem Talmud, references to Baraitot are less common.

Unless otherwise noted, references are to the Babylonian Talmud ; Jerusalem Talmud or Yerushalmi preceding the name of a Talmudic tractate means it is from the Jerusalem Talmud.

Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in Galilee and Judea The Talmud refers to " Jesus the Nazarene " several times and scholars such as Andreas Kostenberger and Robert Van Voorst hold that some of these references are to Jesus .. Nazareth is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian gospels portray it as an insignificant village, John 1: 46 asking " Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?

The Babylonian Talmud in a few cases includes possible references to Jesus using the terms " Yeshu ," " Yeshu ha-Notzri ," " ben Satda ," and " ben Pandera ".

Andreas Kostenberger states that the passage is a Tannaitic reference to the trial and death of Jesus at Passover and is most likely earlier than other references to Jesus in the Talmud.

Bart Ehrman and separately Mark Allan Powell state that given that the Talmud references are quite late, they can give no historically reliable information about the teachings or actions of Jesus during his life.

Eddy and Boyd, who question the value of several of the Talmudic references state that the significance of the Talmud to historical Jesus research is that it never denies the existence of Jesus, but accuses him of sorcery, thus indirectly confirming his existence.

Andreas Kostenberger states that the overall conclusion that can be drawn from the references in the Talmud is that Jesus was a historical person whose existence was never denied by the Jewish tradition, which instead focused on discrediting him.

Listings of kingdom references in the Mishnah and subsequent rabbinic literature can be found in Dalman, Words of Jesus, pages 96 – 101, and Hermann Leberecht Strack, Paul Billerbeck Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch ( 1965 ).

Various works of classical Jewish rabbinic literature are thought to contain references to Jesus, including some uncensored manuscripts of the Babylonian Talmud ( redacted roughly before 600 CE ) and the classical midrash literature written between 250 CE and 700 CE.

Christian authorities in Europe were largely unaware of possible references to Jesus in the Talmud until 1236, when a convert from Judaism, Nicholas Donin, laid thirty-five formal charges against the Talmud before Pope Gregory IX, and these charges were brought upon rabbi Jehiel of Paris to defend at the Disputation of Paris in 1240.

The Kuzari by Rabbi Yehuda Halevi ( c. 1075-1141 ), understood these references in Talmud as referring to Jesus of Nazareth and based on them believed that Jesus of Nazareth lived 130 years prior to the date that Christians believe he lived, contradicting the Gospels ' account regarding the chronology of Jesus.

The primary references to Yeshu are found only in uncensored texts of the Babylonian Talmud and the Tosefta.

The Vatican's papal bull issued in 1554 censored the Talmud and other Jewish texts, resulting in the removal of references to Yeshu.

The oldest works in which references to Yeshu occur are the Tosefta and the Talmud, although some scholars consider the references to Yeshu to be post-Talmudic additions.