According to the plans, the Third Army, under general Radko Dimitriev, was deployed east of and behind the First, and was covered by the cavalry division hiding it from the Turkish view.

The initial Bulgarian attack by First and Third Army defeated the Turkish forces, numbering some 130, 000, and reached the Sea of Marmara.

He graduated from the Turkish Military Academy as an engineer officer in 1958, from the Army Staff College in 1970 and from the Armed Forces College in 1971.

He became a four-star general and served three years as vice chairman of the Turkish Armed Forces, then appointed commander of the Turkish First Army, in Istanbul.

Category: Turkish Army generals

The film, accused of fascism, anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism, tells the story of the U. S. Army run amok in Iraq and brought into check by a Turkish soldier ; Busey plays a Jewish-American Army doctor who harvests fresh organs from injured Iraqi prisoners to sell to rich patients in New York City, London and Tel Aviv.

At the Battle of Vienna ( 1683 ), the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Polish King John III Sobieski, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, ending the western colonial Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.

While his direction of an ensemble cast and parallel fiction was recognized as astonishing in He is in the Army now ( 2002 ), his last film Shattered Soul ( 2005 ) has taken its well-earned place in Turkish Cinema History as being the first psychological thriller ever, and was awarded with a " Bronze Gryphone " at 2006 in International St. Petersburg Film Festival.

The Turkish Army sent troops to fight in Korea, where they played pivotal roles at some points.

In 2010, the Turkish Army had around 402, 000 active personnel and is the second largest army of NATO ( after the United States ).< ref name = oymen >

** General Grivas and his 10, 000 strong Greek Army division are forced to leave Cyprus, after 24 Turkish Cypriot civilians are killed by the Greek Cypriot National Guard in the villages of Kophinou and Ayios Theodhoros ; relations sour between Nicosia and Athens.

*: Turkish Army, currently phasing out M110A2 in favor of T-155 Fırtına

The operation was composed of elements of the United States 10th Mountain Division, 101st Airborne Division, TF Rakkasan, B Co. 159th Avn Rgt, 75th Ranger Regiment, the US Special Operation Forces groups to include elements of forces from USSOCOM, JSOC and CIA's Special Activities Division, TF 11, TF Bowie, and TF Dagger, British Royal Marines, Canada's 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and Joint Task Force 2, the Afghan National Army, the German KSK, the Turkish Maroon Berets, the Norwegian FSK and Marinejegerkommandoen, and elements of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment, the New Zealand Special Air Service and Danish special forces from Jægerkorpset and the Danish Frogman Corps.

Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO ( 16 August 1888 — 19 May 1935 ), known professionally as T. E. Lawrence, was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916 – 18.

The city of Odessa, founded by order of Catherine the Great, Russian Empress, centres on the site of the Turkish fortress Khadzhibei, which was occupied by Russian Army in 1789.

They are also used extensively by the Brazilian Marine Corps, South African National Defence Force, the New Zealand Army, the Turkish Army and the Australian Army, Chinese PLA Army.

In 1974 the Turkish Army invaded northern Cyprus to protect the interests of the ethnic Turkish minority, who in the following year formed the Turkish Federative State of Cyprus and in 1983 declared independence as the Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey.

The ecoregion has forests of Turkish Pine ( Pinus brutia ), oak forests and woodlands, and maquis shrubland of Turkish Pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, including Olive ( Olea europaea ), Strawberry Tree ( Arbutus unedo ), Arbutus andrachne, Kermes Oak ( Quercus coccifera ), and Bay Laurel ( Laurus nobilis ).

The consequent blockade along both the Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because of Armenia's dependence on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials.

The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor competing in the top-tier of Turkish football.

The strategic importance of the Bosphorus remains high, and control over it has been an objective of a number of hostilities in modern history, notably the Russo – Turkish War, 1877 – 1878, as well as of the attack of the Allied Powers on the Dardanelles during the 1915 Battle of Gallipoli in the course of World War I.

Since 1974, the internationally recognised Republic of Cyprus has controlled the south two thirds, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus the northern one-third.

In 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared an independent " Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ", which has never been recognized by any country except Turkey and Pakistan.

On 15 November 1983 the Turkish Cypriot North declared independence and the formation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC ), which has been recognized only by Turkey.

Moreover, the small economy has seen some downfalls because the Turkish lira is legal tender.

Unlike Standard Turkish ( but like Cypriot Turkish ), Crimean Tatar also has the letter Ñ.

Unlike Turkish, Gagauz also has the letters Ä, Ê Ș and Ț. Ș and Ț are derived from the Romanian alphabet for the same sounds.

Under the " independent tribunal " requirement, the Court has ruled that military judges in Turkish state security courts are incompatible with Article 6.

Its binding is Turkish, and appears to be original ; but the paper has an Italian watermark, which has been dated between 1588 and 1620.

The lost Spanish manuscript claimed to have been written in Istanbul, and the surviving Italian manuscript has several Turkish features ; so, whether the language of origin was Spanish or Italian, Istanbul is regarded by most students as the place of origin of the present text.

Garlic was long frowned upon for causing halitosis, so has never played a large role in traditional German cuisine, but has risen in popularity in recent decades due to the influence of French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, and Turkish cuisines.

In Turkish however, it is a glyph, because that language has two distinct versions of the letter " i ", with and without a dot.

( Note: The Turkish word " ocak " has the double meaning of home and fireplace, like the Spanish " hogar ".

It has been successful enough to prompt talk of a Turkish model, " an example of a modern, moderate Muslim state that works.

Known as " Ofioussa " ( having snakes ) and " Pityoussa " ( having pine trees ) in antiquity, during the medieval age the island was ruled by a number of external powers and has also been known as Scio ( Genoese ), Chio ( Italian ) and Sakız ( صاقيز — Ottoman Turkish ).

The city has strong Turkish and Balkan communities.

However, since Anatolia is now often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey, its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with the neighboring countries, which are Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Iraq and Syria, in clockwise direction.

* 1996 – Greek Cypriot refugee Solomos Solomou is murdered by Turkish forces while trying to climb a flagpole in order to remove a Turkish flag from its mast in the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus.

Nowadays Afyon is known for its marble ( in 2005 there were 355 marble quarries in the province of Afyon producing high quality white stone ), its sucuk ( spiced sausages ), its kaymak ( meaning either cream or a white Turkish Delight ) and various handmade weavings.

According to the Turkish Statistical Institute, as of 2011 the city of Bursa had a population of 1, 704, 441 and its metropolitan municipality 1, 948, 744.

This incident, coupled with Stalin's demands for the restitution of the Turkish provinces of Kars, Artvin and Ardahan to the Soviet Union ( which were lost by Turkey with the Russo – Turkish War of 1877 – 1878, but were regained with the Treaty of Kars in 1921 ) was one of the main reasons why Turkey decided to give up its general principle of neutrality in foreign affairs.

It was influenced by its non-Slavic neighbors in the Balkan language area ( mostly grammatically ) and later also by Turkish, which was the official language of the Ottoman Empire, in the form of the Ottoman Turkish language, mostly lexically.

In 1974, following a coup sponsored by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 and executed by the Cypriot National Guard the invasion of troops from Turkey ( citing its authority as one of the three guarantor powers established by the Constitution ), the Turkish Cypriots formally set up their own institutions with a popularly-elected separatist president and a Prime Minister, responsible to the National Assembly, exercising joint executive powers.

Turkey, which does not recognise the Republic of Cyprus, and the Turkish Cypriot administration of the northern part of the island, do not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refer to it not by its international name, but as the " Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus ".

The Turkish invasion inflicted a serious blow to the Cyprus economy and in particular to agriculture, tourism, mining and quarrying: 70 percent of the island ’ s wealth-producing resources were lost, the tourist industry lost 65 percent of its hotels and tourist accommodation, the industrial sector lost 46 percent, and mining and quarrying lost 56 percent of production.

Fluctuation in the Turkish lira, which suffered from hyperinflation every year until its replacement by the Turkish new lira in 2005, exerted downward pressure on the Turkish Cypriot standard of living for many years.

* Payne-Gallwey, Ralph, Sir, The Crossbow: Mediaeval and Modern, Military and Sporting ; its Construction, History & Management with a Treatise on the Balista and Catapult of the Ancients and An Appendix on the Catapult, Balista & the Turkish Bow, New York: Bramhall House, 1958.

It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with its counterpart the Bosphorus.

The Turkish name Çanakkale Boğazı is derived from the major city adjoining the strait, Çanakkale ( which takes its name from its famous castles ; kale means " castle ").

The new Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, and Gagauz alphabets are based on the Turkish alphabet and its same diacriticized letters, with some additions.

The big European powers saw the war of Greek independence, with its accounts of Turkish atrocities, in a romantic light ( see, for example, the 1824 painting Massacre of Chios by Eugène Delacroix ).

During the period of the semi-autonomous province ( Mutasarrifia ) period of Mount Lebanon between 1861 and 1914, no Turkish troops were allowed to station within its boundary.

According to the British, who had been awarded a League of Nations mandate over Iraq in 1920 and therefore represented Iraq in its foreign affairs, Mosul belonged to Iraq ; on the other hand, the new Turkish republic claimed the province as part of its historic heartland.