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The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan waged three wars against Vietnam to force it into a vassalage relationship but after successive failures, Kublai Khan's successor, Temur Khan, finally settled for a tributary relationship with Vietnam.
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Yuan and dynasty
During the Yuan dynasty, Halal methods of slaughtering animals and preparing food was banned and forbidden by the Mongol Emperors, starting with Genghis Khan who banned Muslims and Jews from slaughtering their animals their own way, and making them follow the Mongol method.
The Yuan dynasty in China, which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants, was overthrown, and the new Ming rulers were found to be inward oriented and unreceptive to foreign religious proselytism.
The Mongol nobility during the Yuan dynasty studied Confucianism, built Confucian temples ( including Beijing Confucius Temple ) and translated Confucian works into Mongolian but mainly followed the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism under Phags-pa Lama.
By extension, the term " Old Mandarin " is used by linguists to refer to the northern dialects recorded in materials from the Yuan dynasty.
After the fall of the Northern Song dynasty, and during the reign of the Jin ( Jurchen ) and Yuan ( Mongol ) dynasties in northern China, a common speech developed based on the dialects of the North China Plain around the capital, a language referred to as Old Mandarin.
From at least the Yuan dynasty, plays that recounted the subversive tales of China's Robin Hoods to the Ming dynasty novels such as Water Margin, on down to the Qing dynasty novel Dream of the Red Chamber and beyond, there developed a literature in written vernacular Chinese ( 白話 / 白话 ; báihuà ).
It flourished during the 13th and 14th century and during the Yuan dynasty became the largest and most important Taoist school in Northern China.
It was adopted as an official state religion by the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty that ruled China.
Most of the Uighurs including the ruling dynasty fled to Gansu ( under Yuan Dynasty ) due to the conflict between the Mongols.
* 1285 – Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading army of the Yuan dynasty.
* 1288 – Vietnamese general Tran Hung Dao sinks the entire fleet of an invading Yuan dynasty army by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bạch Đằng River, near Halong Bay.
* Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty in China ; from then on it becomes his base of power and the capital of a new dynasty he will establish in 1368, the Ming Dynasty.
The script did not receive wide acceptance and fell into disuse with the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368.
* Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Mongol army of the Yuan dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years ( 1368 – 1644 ) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty.
With the Yuan Dynasty crumbling, competing rebel groups began fighting for control of the country and thus the right to establish a new dynasty.
With the news of Emperor Yang's murder by his general Yuwen Huaji ( d. 619 ), on June 18, 618, Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang.
Yuan dynasty woodblock edition of a Chinese play
During the Yuan dynasty a further canal, the Tonghui River, connected Tongzhou with a wharf called the Houhai or " rear sea " in central Beijing.
The Song Dynasty (; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch ' ao ; ) was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279 ; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.
Generally, in the Chinese dynastic cycle, Emperors founding a dynasty usually consolidated the Empire through absolute rule, examples including Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, and Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
Yuan and under
Sun Yat-sen was declared as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai, who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate ( a decision Sun would later regret ).
The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty.
* 1626 – Yuan Chonghuan is appointed Governor of Liaodong, after he led the Chinese into a great victory against the Manchurians under Nurhaci.
During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.
By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
These territories were also under supervision of a central government institution called Lifan Yuan.
The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who exploited his position to eventually become President of the Republic of China, dictator and finally abortive emperor of China.
* Ji Ling, general under Yuan Shu
* Zhang Xun, general under Yuan Shu ( b. 156 )
* Beijing is captured and torched by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China.
* A Chinese invasion force under General Lan Yu defeats a large Mongolian army under Khan Toghus Temur and captures 100 members of the Yuan royal family.
* 1274 – November 20 – The Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ; after capturing outlying islands, the Yuan forces are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.
Jews continued to be persecuted across Europe, while Taoists suffered under Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty in China.
* 1286 – In Laos, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d ' état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan.
* Han Juzi, general under Yuan Shao
* Wen Chou, general under Yuan Shao
* Yan Liang, general under Yuan Shao
* Pang Ji, minister under Yuan Shao
* Guo Yuan, general under Yuan Shao
Yuan and Kublai
* 1294 – Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.
Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, wanting to adopt the customs of China, established the Yuan Dynasty.
Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control.
* 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire " Yuan " ( 元 yuán ), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia and China.
In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.
From 1260s onwards, they were directly controlled by the Yuan Dynasty of the Great Khagan Kublai ( r. 1260-1294 ).
* Kublai Khan, Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
Kublai Khan moved his capital to present-day Beijing and renamed his empire the Yuan Dynasty, reflecting the new eastward focus of the empire.
* 1271 – December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire " Yuan " ( 元, yuán ), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
* 1275 – Marco Polo purportedly visits Shangdu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
* 1279 – March 19 – Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen.
* 1279 – A diplomatic party of the Yuan Dynasty sent by Kublai Khan to Japan is killed by Japan's regent Hōjō Tokimune, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281.
Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty established control over the Khmer empire in Cambodia, the Pagan Empire in Myanmar, and a kingdom of Laos, but failed a second attempted invasion of Japan and was twice defeated in attempted invasions of Vietnam.
* 1283 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer empire of present-day Cambodia ; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
* February – The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty.
* Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.
* November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ( 30, 000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea ); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.
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