The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations.

The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.

This was a finger abacus, on one hand 0 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used ; and on the other hand used 0, 1, 2 and 3 were used.

As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by the mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia.

The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC.

The only mechanical device that existed for numerical computation at the beginning of human history was the abacus, invented in Sumeria circa 2500 BC.

The first solid state electronic calculator was created in the 1960s, building on the extensive history of tools such as the abacus, developed around 2000 BC ; and the mechanical calculator, developed in the 17th century.

* An abacus was created sometime between 1000 BC and 500 BC, it later become a form of calculation frequency, nowadays it can be used as a very advanced, yet basic digital calculator that uses beads on rows to represent numbers.

The abacus was early used for arithmetic tasks.

What we now call the Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC.

The abacus that Gerbert reintroduced into Europe had its length divided into 27 parts with 9 number symbols ( this would exclude zero, which was represented by an empty column ) and 1, 000 characters in all, crafted out of animal horn by a shieldmaker of Rheims.

* 1003 – Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d ' Aurillac, dies ; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century ; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, a hydraulic-powered organ, the reintroduction of the abacus to Europe, and a possible treatise on the astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later.

Before numbers were even invented, counting devices were used to perform everyday calculations ; one of these devices was the abacus, which provided merchants good and accurate data when buying and selling goods.

The abacus was not created as we know it today, but was rather a continuous improvement throughout the ages.

In the modern world, the abacus as we know it today looks nothing like it did when it was originally invented.

In the ancient times, the abacus was a really simple device that was used to count numbers ; this included addition and substraction only.

He wrote a treatise on the use of the abacus called Regulae Abaci, which was likely written very early in his career because it shows no trace of Arab influence.

The abacus was an instrument used by Greeks and Romans for arithmetic calculations, preceding the slide-rule and the electronic calculator, and consisted of perforated pebbles sliding on an iron bars.

Napier's bones is an abacus created by John Napier for calculation of products and quotients of numbers that was based on Arab mathematics and lattice multiplication used by Matrakci Nasuh in the Umdet-ul Hisab and Fibonacci writing in the Liber Abaci.

The use of the word abacus dates before 1387 AD, when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus.

The preferred plural of abacus is a subject of disagreement, with both abacuses and abaci in use.

It is the belief of Old Babylonian scholars such as Carruccio that Old Babylonians " may have used the abacus for the operations of addition and subtraction ; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations ".

The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method.

During the Achaemenid Persian Empire, around 600 BC the Persians first began to use the abacus.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world.

First century sources, such as the Abhidharmakosa describe the knowledge and use of abacus in India.

Some sources mention the use of an abacus called a nepohualtzintzin in ancient Mayan culture.

The abacus had fallen out of use in western Europe in the 16th century with the rise of decimal notation and algorismic methods.

The type of abacus shown here is often used to represent numbers without the use of place value.

They use an abacus to perform the mathematical functions multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cubic root.

Although it has also been translated as " The Book of the Abacus ", writes that this is an error: the intent of the book is to describe methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists ( followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in Liber Abaci ) remained in conflict with the abacists ( traditionalists who continued to use the abacus in conjunction with Roman numerals ).

The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC.

The second is the Cranmer abacus which has circular beads, longer rods, and a leather backcover so the beads do not slide around when in use.

Many veteran and prolific abacus users in China, Japan, South Korea, and others who use the abacus daily, naturally tend to not use the abacus anymore but perform calculations by visualizing the abacus.

Therefore the handiwork represents an interesting abacus of workings, decorative elements, an exemplar of material culture with centuries of town history written on.

The very positive advantage of subtractive notation is the reduction of counters needed on an abacus, the calculating devices used by the Romans, and those before them for thousands of years.

It rises from the shaft in a straight cylinder, rather than in an inverted pyramid, and then flares only just before it intersects with the abacus.

The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.

The suanpan () is an abacus of Chinese origin first described in a 190 CE book of the Eastern Han Dynasty, namely Supplementary Notes on the Art of Figures written by Xu Yue.

No physical abacus is used ; only the answers are written down.